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Proposal to eliminate leap seconds
by Eric Ulevik Nov. 17, 1999

Nov. 17, 1999

Probably off-topic, but anyway: ************************************************************************* Dear Project Manager or Scientist, It is being proposed to change the definition of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) regarding the insertion of leap-seconds, possibly even eliminating their use. Leap seconds are introduced so as to keep UTC synchronized (within 0.9 s) to the time scale determined from the Earth's rotation, however many practical problems result from their implementation. Should no new leap seconds be inserted, solar time will diverge from atomic time at the rate of about 2 seconds every 3 years, and after about a century |UT1-UTC| would exceed 1 minute. Although no fundamental problems are anticipated, it is very likely that Y2K-like problems may result in software that assumes UT1=UTC, or |UT1-UTC|< some value, or whose input/output records use a field size that can only accommodate |UT1-UTC| values up to one second. To gather information, an URSI Commission J Working Group was formed, consisting of Don Backer, Wim. N. Brouw, Barry Clark, Irwin Shapiro, Ir. E. Van Lil, and myself. We would like to ask you to consult with the members of your institute who currently deal with UT1-UTC, and give us a considered response to the following two questions: A. If the appropriate international bodies decide to eliminate the insertion of new leap seconds, would you foresee any practical problems for your institution/instrument/observations? no ____ * yes ___ * possibly ____ (* please explain any known or possible problems) B. Would you be in favor of such a proposal? yes ____ no ____ indifferent ___ have better idea ___ (feel free to comment) C. Is there anyone else you would recommend we contact? (feel free to forward this eamil directly) I would appreciate your assistance, and a response by January 15 to dnm(a)orion.usno.navy.mil. [snip] Sincerely, Demetrios Matsakis ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Demetrios N. Matsakis Director, Time Service Department (202) 762-1587 DSN 762-1587 U. S. Naval Observatory FAX (202) 762-1511 3450 Massachusetts Avenue NW dnm(a)orion.usno.navy.mil Washington DC, USA 20392-5420 ________________________________________________________________________

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New tzcode and tzdata files
by Olson, Arthur David (NCI) Nov. 16, 1999

Nov. 16, 1999

The files ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzcode1999i.tar.gz and ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzdata1999j.tar.gz are now available. These incorporate Paul Eggert's changes circulated in the last week on the time zone mailing list, as well as additions to the "zic" manual page and the "Arts.htm" file. --ado

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CIA's time-zone map
by Alex LIVINGSTON Nov. 15, 1999

Nov. 15, 1999

Does anyone know how best to contact the CIA (preferably by e-mail) to tell them about the errors in (even the latest, 5-month-old version of) their time-zone map (the most glaring ones being the incorrect date line and wildy wrong zones for eastern Kiribati, especially the Line Islands)? I've looked in vain for an e-mail address or feedback page on their Web site. --Alex

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tz patch for Tonga, Jordan, Russia, Moldova, Ukraine, Pitcairn, etc.
by Paul Eggert Nov. 13, 1999

Nov. 13, 1999

Here is a proposed tz patch for problems recently reported to the tz list, along with many more changes from Shanks's 1999 atlas. The pressing needs are to fix a typo in Tonga's rules, and to install changes for Jordan, Pitcairn, far eastern Siberia, and Transdniestria, where the current tz database disagrees with current time stamps. Here is a brief summary of all the changes. * Fix typo in the last Tonga Rule. (Thanks to Sullivan Beck for reporting this.) * Jordan reverted to winter time on 09-30. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen for reporting this.) For lack of better info, assume 04-01 to 10-01 for Jordan DST in future years. * Pitcairn switched from UTC-8:30 to UTC-8 on 1998-04-27 at 00:00. (Thanks to Rives McDow for reporting this; thanks also to Betty Christian of Pitcairn via the shortwave of Howie Phelps of Sacramento for confirming this.) The official name for this zone is Pitcairn Standard Time, so I couldn't resist changing its abbreviation from PNT to PST. * Pangnirtung, Nunavut observes two time zones simultaneously. (Thanks to Rives McDow for this info.) This changes only the commentary, since I decided to stick with the RCMP for now. * Clinton and Russell Counties, Kentucky, may join with Wayne County in moving from Central to Eastern Time. This changes only commentary. * Many of the Russian rules could be simplified, now that zic behaves better when the tables change the UTC offset at a DST transition. * The CIA has a newer time zone map, with a new URL. * The Kaliningrad entry had a typo: during 1945, its summer time was labeled CET, not CEST. The rest of the proposed changes are from Shanks's 1999 edition; most of the changes were caused by the flurry of time zone activity in the Soviet Union as it broke up in the early 1990s. * Anadyr reverted to UTC+12 (+13 in summer) on 1982-04-01. * Moldova currently has two time zones: Transdniestria uses Moscow time. This requires a new Zone Europe/Tiraspol. * Ruthenia (in far western Ukraine) flirted with CET in 1990 and 1991. This requires a new Zone Europe/Uzhgorod. * Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991, unlike the rest of Ukraine. This requires a new Zone Europe/Zaporozhye. * Peru observed DST in 1994, not 1993. * Central Crimea probably switched to Moscow time later in 1994 than our previous guess of Feb. May sounds like a better guess now. * Kuybyshev (now Samara) used EEST in summer 1991, and reverted to UTC+4 on Oct 20 of that year. * Kaliningrad simply switched from Moscow to eastern European time in spring 1991; it didn't follow the rest of Moscow's gyrations. * Most of Russia jumped ahead an hour in June 1930, not March 1957. * Locations in Russia adopted standard time as the Red Army occupied them in 1919/1922, not all at once in 1924. * Moscow's 1918-09 transition was on the 16th at 01:00, not the 17th at 00:00. * The definition of Moscow Mean Time changed on 1916-07-03, by 48 seconds. * The strange rules for summer time in the Ukraine and Crimea before 1921 have all been withdrawn. Much of the Ukraine rules before 1990 have been greatly modified. =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/WWW.htm,v retrieving revision 1999.3 retrieving revision 1999.3.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.3 -r1999.3.0.1 --- WWW.htm 1999/03/25 14:47:46 1999.3 +++ WWW.htm 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.3.0.1 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ the live data provide a nice way to chec contains US Naval Observatory data, used as the source for the <samp>usno*</samp> files. <LI>The United States Central Intelligence Agency publishes a -<A HREF="http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/figures/802597.jpg">time +<A HREF="http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/figures/802649.pdf">time zone map</A>; the <A HREF="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/world_maps.html"> Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection</A> =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/asia,v retrieving revision 1999.9 retrieving revision 1999.9.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.9 -r1999.9.0.1 --- asia 1999/11/08 22:27:22 1999.9 +++ asia 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.9.0.1 @@ -661,14 +661,22 @@ Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 3 # Jordan # -# From -# <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html"> -# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) -# </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): +# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html"> +# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight, # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time # all year round. # +# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html"> +# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09): +# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back +# by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final! +# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in +# government's departments from six to seven hours. +# +# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-09): +# No word on Jordan's future rules; assume 04-01 to 10-01 for now. +# # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - @@ -690,10 +698,12 @@ Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0: Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 - Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1999 max - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 2000 max - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931 - 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999 Jul - 2:00 1:00 EEST + 2:00 Jordan EE%sT # Kazakhstan # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): @@ -1127,7 +1137,6 @@ Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920 4:00 - GST # Uzbekistan -# 1991 transitions are from Shanks. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 4:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/australasia,v retrieving revision 1999.9 retrieving revision 1999.9.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.9 -r1999.9.0.1 --- australasia 1999/11/08 19:55:14 1999.9 +++ australasia 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.9.0.1 @@ -362,7 +362,8 @@ Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT # Pitcairn # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown - -8:30 - PNT # Pitcairn Time + -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00 + -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time # American Samoa Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 @@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 190 # Tonga # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Tonga 1999 max - Oct Sat>=1 2:00s 1:00 S -Rule Tonga 2000 max - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s - - +Rule Tonga 2000 max - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time @@ -498,6 +499,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham* # -11:00 SST Samoa # -10:00 HST Hawaii +# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* # # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii. # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is. @@ -944,7 +946,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk" # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.'' # -# Shanks writes that Truk switched from GMT+10 to GMT+11 on 1978-10-01; +# Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01; # ignore this for now. # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): @@ -952,8 +954,31 @@ Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"> # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information # </a> (1999-01-26) -# that Truk and Yap are GMT+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are GMT+11. -# We don't know when Kosrae switched from GMT+12; assume January 1 for now. +# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. +# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. + +# Pitcairn + +# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): +# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 +# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. +# +# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be +# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known +# as Pitcairn Standard Time. +# +# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several +# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation +# somehow in light of this proclamation. + +# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): +# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 +# ... at midnight. + +# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: +# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as +# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in +# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. # Samoa =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/europe,v retrieving revision 1999.9 retrieving revision 1999.9.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.9 -r1999.9.0.1 --- europe 1999/11/08 19:55:14 1999.9 +++ europe 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.9.0.1 @@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries # of the IATA's data after 1990. # -# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, -# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. +# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, +# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. # # Other sources occasionally used include: # @@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time -Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST +Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - @@ -1087,7 +1087,6 @@ Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:0 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 -# The following transition is from Shanks. 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 1:00 EU CE%sT @@ -1117,7 +1116,6 @@ Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Ap 1:00 EU CE%sT # Belarus -# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time @@ -1826,14 +1824,29 @@ Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 1:00 EU CE%sT # Moldova -# see commentary for Romania # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] -Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s +Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 + 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT + 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT + 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 + 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 + 2:00 - EET 1991 + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 +# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 2:00 EU EE%sT +Zone Europe/Tiraspol 1:58:32 - LMT 1880 + 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT + 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT + 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD # Monaco # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. @@ -2091,11 +2104,11 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 # Russia -# From Paul Eggert <eggert(a)twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): -# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations, -# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991. +# From Paul Eggert <eggert(a)twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): +# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, -# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA. +# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow +# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. # # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache(a)nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with @@ -2111,97 +2124,83 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 - 2:00 Poland CET 1946 + 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994 -# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change. 2:00 Russia EE%sT Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 - 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 + 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time + 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD -Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time - 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time - 4:00 Russia SAM%sT -Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time +Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 + 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev + 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s + 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s + 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 + 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time +Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 + 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time -Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time +Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 + 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OMS%sT # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz(a)iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! # I do not know why they have decided to make this change; # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. -Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time +Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 + 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s - 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s - 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s + 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 6:00 Russia NOV%sT -Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time +Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 + 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRA%sT Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 - 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time - 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time + 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time + 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IRK%sT -Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time +Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 + 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YAK%sT -Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 - 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT - 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time +Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 + 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VLA%sT Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time + 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MAG%sT # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. -Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time +Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 + 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PET%sT Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 - 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time - 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s - 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s - 13:00 Russia ANA%sT + 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time + 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s + 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 12:00 Russia ANA%sT # Slovakia Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava @@ -2370,53 +2369,61 @@ Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. # Ukraine -# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S -Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time -Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time -Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time -Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST -Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST -Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST -Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT -Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST -Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST -Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST -Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT -Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time -Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time -Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time -Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST -Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST -Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST -Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT -Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST -Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST -Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST -Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT -Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 - -Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 - 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 + 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time + 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 + 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 + 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 + 2:00 - EET 1992 + 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 + 2:00 EU EE%sT +# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. +Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct + 1:00 - CET 1940 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct + 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 + 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 + 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 + 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 + 2:00 - EET 1992 + 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 + 2:00 EU EE%sT +# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. +# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. +Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 + 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17 - 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996 + 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 + 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2:00 EU EE%sT +# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 - 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 + 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s -# From Paul Eggert <eggert(a)twinsun.com> (1996-10-21): -# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched + 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 + 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 + 2:00 - EET 1992 +# From Paul Eggert <eggert(a)twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): +# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. -# For now, guess it changed Feb 1. - 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb +# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened +# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. + 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. - 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 + 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s + 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. - 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2:00 EU EE%sT # Yugoslavia =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/northamerica,v retrieving revision 1999.8 retrieving revision 1999.8.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.8 -r1999.8.0.1 --- northamerica 1999/11/08 22:27:22 1999.8 +++ northamerica 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.8.0.1 @@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ Zone America/Louisville -5:43:02 - LMT 1 -5:00 US E%sT 1974 Jan 6 2:00 -6:00 1:00 CDT 1974 Oct 27 2:00 -5:00 US E%sT -# Wayne County, Kentucky +# Wayne, Clinton, and Russell Counties, Kentucky # From # <a href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&doc…"> # Federal Register Doc. 99-26945 @@ -418,6 +418,18 @@ Zone America/Louisville -5:43:02 - LMT 1 # Kentucky, from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone.... Now # the earliest date that the proposed change might take effect is # October 29, 2000. +# +# From +# <a href="http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml"> +# Lake Cumberland LIFE +# </a> (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7: +# Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from +# the Central to the Eastern time zone.... The Wayne County government made +# the same request in December. And while Russell County officials have not +# taken action, the majority of respondents to a poll conducted there in +# August indicated they would like to change to "fast time" also. +# The three Lake Cumberland counties are the farthest east of any U.S. +# location in the Central time zone. # Michigan # @@ -902,7 +914,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 - LMT # Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone. # <a href="http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html"> # Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31 -# </a> +# </a> # # From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06): # We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut @@ -917,6 +929,29 @@ Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 - LMT # We'll ignore the claim about Coral Harbour for now, # since we have no further info. +# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): +# On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time, +# Pangnirtung wobbled. Here is the result of their wobble: +# +# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time: +# +# First Air, Power Corp, Nunavut Construction, Health Center, RCMP, +# Eastern Arctic National Parks, A & D Specialist +# +# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time: +# +# Hamlet office, All other businesses, Both schools, Airport operator +# +# This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news. +# No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to +# change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not +# really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally. +# They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart, +# so it appears that the situation will last at least that long. +# The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to +# their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with +# the current state of affairs. + # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule NT_YK 1918 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D Rule NT_YK 1918 only - Oct 27 2:00 0 S @@ -971,7 +1006,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson -9:17:40 - LMT 1900 # The Federal District (where Mexico City is) has observed [DST] several # times but not recently. # -# I don't where to drawn the line in the North Baja area. 28th latitude +# I don't where to draw the line in the North Baja area. 28th latitude # sounds good -- but it may be higher (how far [d]o radio stations from # San Diego affect culture?). # @@ -1009,30 +1044,30 @@ Zone America/Dawson -9:17:40 - LMT 1900 # From Alan Perry <alan.perry(a)eng.sun.com> (1996-02-15): # A guy from our Mexico subsidiary finally found the Presidential Decree # outlining the timezone changes in Mexico. -# +# # ------------- Begin Forwarded Message ------------- -# +# # I finally got my hands on the Official Presidential Decree that sets up the # rules for the DST changes. The rules are: -# +# # 1. The country is divided in 3 timezones: # - Baja California Norte (the Mexico/BajaNorte TZ) # - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora (the Mexico/BajaSur TZ) # - The rest of the country (the Mexico/General TZ) -# +# # 2. From the first Sunday in April at 2:00 AM to the last Sunday in October # at 2:00 AM, the times in each zone are as follows: # BajaNorte: GMT+7 # BajaSur: GMT+6 # General: GMT+5 -# +# # 3. The rest of the year, the times are as follows: # BajaNorte: GMT+8 # BajaSur: GMT+7 # General: GMT+6 -# +# # The Decree was published in Mexico's Official Newspaper on January 4th. -# +# # -------------- End Forwarded Message -------------- # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): # For an English translation of the decree, see =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/southamerica,v retrieving revision 1999.8 retrieving revision 1999.8.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.8 -r1999.8.0.1 --- southamerica 1999/11/08 22:27:22 1999.8 +++ southamerica 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.8.0.1 @@ -564,8 +564,9 @@ Rule Peru 1987 only - Jan 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Peru 1987 only - Apr 1 0:00 0 - Rule Peru 1990 only - Jan 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Peru 1990 only - Apr 1 0:00 0 - -Rule Peru 1993 only - Jan 1 0:00 1:00 S -Rule Peru 1993 only - Apr 1 0:00 0 - +# IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks. +Rule Peru 1994 only - Jan 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Peru 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone America/Lima -5:08:12 - LMT 1890 -5:09 - LMT 1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/zone.tab,v retrieving revision 1999.9 retrieving revision 1999.9.0.1 diff -pu -r1999.9 -r1999.9.0.1 --- zone.tab 1999/11/08 19:55:18 1999.9 +++ zone.tab 1999/11/13 06:29:04 1999.9.0.1 @@ -225,7 +225,8 @@ LV +5657+02406 Europe/Riga LY +3254+01311 Africa/Tripoli MA +3339-00735 Africa/Casablanca MC +4342+00723 Europe/Monaco -MD +4700+02850 Europe/Chisinau +MD +4700+02850 Europe/Chisinau most locations +MD +4651+02938 Europe/Tiraspol Transdniestria MG -1855+04731 Indian/Antananarivo MH +0709+17112 Pacific/Majuro most locations MH +0905+16720 Pacific/Kwajalein Kwajalein @@ -337,7 +338,9 @@ TV -0831+17913 Pacific/Funafuti TW +2503+12130 Asia/Taipei TZ -0648+03917 Africa/Dar_es_Salaam UA +5026+03031 Europe/Kiev most locations -UA +4457+03406 Europe/Simferopol Crimea +UA +4837+02218 Europe/Uzhgorod Ruthenia +UA +4750+03510 Europe/Zaporozhye Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk +UA +4457+03406 Europe/Simferopol central Crimea UG +0019+03225 Africa/Kampala UM +1700-16830 Pacific/Johnston Johnston Atoll UM +2813-17722 Pacific/Midway Midway Islands

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FW: Format error in the australasia file tzdata1999i
by Olson, Arthur David (NCI) Nov. 12, 1999

Nov. 12, 1999

Sullivan Beck is not on the time zone mailing list; be sure that any replies are appropriately directed. My inclination would be to allow a "-" in the SAVE field (and change the documentation). --ado -----Original Message----- From: Sullivan N. Beck [SMTP:sbeck@cise.ufl.edu] Sent: Thursday, November 11, 1999 12:00 PM To: tz(a)elsie.nci.nih.gov Subject: Format error in the australasia file tzdata1999i There is a minor format problem in the australasia of tzdata1999i . It is distributed with the following line: # Rule NAME ... SAVE ... Rule Tonga ... - ... The "-" in the "SAVE" field is not defined anywhere in the description of Rule lines. I believe it should be "0" instead. Please let me know if this is not the correct value. Thanks ---------------------------- Sullivan Beck ----------------------------- sbeck(a)cise.ufl.edu | This space reserved for some saying demonstrating CSE 314E | great wisdom, wit, or insight. I'll fill it in PH : (352) 392-1057 | just as soon as I have any of the above. Fax: (352) 392-1220 | ------------------- http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~sbeck/ --------------------

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Format error in the australasia file tzdata1999i
by Sullivan N. Beck Nov. 12, 1999

Nov. 12, 1999

There is a minor format problem in the australasia of tzdata1999i . It is distributed with the following line: # Rule NAME ... SAVE ... Rule Tonga ... - ... The "-" in the "SAVE" field is not defined anywhere in the description of Rule lines. I believe it should be "0" instead. Please let me know if this is not the correct value. Thanks ---------------------------- Sullivan Beck ----------------------------- sbeck(a)cise.ufl.edu | This space reserved for some saying demonstrating CSE 314E | great wisdom, wit, or insight. I'll fill it in PH : (352) 392-1057 | just as soon as I have any of the above. Fax: (352) 392-1220 | ------------------- http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~sbeck/ --------------------

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Pitcairn switched directly from UTC-8:30 to UTC-8
by Paul Eggert Nov. 11, 1999

Nov. 11, 1999

Howie Phelps of Sacramento regularly talks to Pitcairn via shortwave, and in his talk yesterday he asked Betty Christian about the time zone situation there. Today he wrote me: Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. So when it is noon here it is also noon on the island. This confirms Rives McDow's report of the proclamation of the Governor of Pitcairn, and refutes the CIA's and UK Hydrographic Office's claims that Pitcairn switched to UTC-9 a few years ago.

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Jordan has ended DST (again!)
by Steffen Thorsen Nov. 10, 1999

Nov. 10, 1999

It seems like the people in the Jordanian government have changed mind about DST yet another time (third time this year, I think). Earlier this year they decided to observe DST all year round, but in September they went back to winter/standard time anyway. The Jordan Week ( http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html ) has some details: Adjust your watches Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back by one hour. This is the latest government decision and its final! The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in government's departments from six to seven hours. The article does not mention when the clock was turned back. Given Jordan's past history (turning clocks the night between Thursday and Friday), I guess they changed back on Thursday, 30 September at 24:00 local daylight time (to 23:00 standard time). However, I could be wrong, they might changed sometime else during that day (23 hours earlier?) Who knows what Jordan will be doing next year... -- Steffen Thorsen <steffen(a)thorsen.priv.no> <steffent(a)pvv.ntnu.no> http://www.thorsen.priv.no

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Pitcairn at UTC-8; Pangnirtung split; old news from eastern Europe
by Paul Eggert Nov. 10, 1999

Nov. 10, 1999

Rives McDow reports that Pitcairn has moved to UTC-8. McDow also reports about the controversy about time zones in Pangnirtung. I enclose his reports below. For the tz databse, I'm inclined to leave Pangnirtung along for now (as I don't want to argue with the Mounties :-). I would like to wait for confirmation about Pitcairn from my second-hand ham radio contact before posting a proposed patch. While we're on the subject of proposed updates, in my spare time I've been plowing through Shanks's latest data on the time zone changes in the ex Soviet Union, and plan to incorporate some of them in the next proposed patch. Among other things, he claims: * Far eastern Siberia switched to UTC+12 in 1982, so Asia/Anadyr's current UTC+13 zone entry is incorrect. * Ruthenia used UTC+1 in 1990/1991, so it should get a new Zone. I assume Uzhgorod should be the canonical representative. * Central Crimea switched from UTC+3 to UTC+2 on 1996-10-27 03:00. * Some regions of Ukraine other than Crimea used UTC+3 in the early 1990s, apparently diagreeing with both Kiev and Crimea. I don't yet have a good characterization of these regions; presumably they were in the east. Large cities don't seem to be involved. It may be difficult to pick a canonical candidate, so I may just leave this as commentary. * Most of the Soviet Union advanced its clocks by one hour at 1930-06-20 24:00, and didn't ever switch them back. (The previous tables had this event occurring in 1957.) This matches a story I've heard about Stalin ordering the start of DST and never ordering its end, with his underlings understandably wary of bugging him about the issue. * Lots of other changes before 1930. ------- Start of forwarded message ------- Date: Mon, 08 Nov 1999 14:38:56 -0800 From: "Rives McDow" <rmcdow(a)enteles.com> Dear Paul, I saw your question about Pitcairn Island, and have the answer here from the Commissioner for Pitcairn: A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known as Pitcairn Standard Time. The secretary to the commissioner did not clarify if the change happened on the 27th; I am now checking that, and double checking the offset with other sources on Pitcairn. The proclamation says that the change was to UTC minus 8 hours and not 9 hours, but this is the first I have heard of that. I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation somehow in light of this proclamation. The second time zone matter concerns Nunavut, specifically Pangnirtung. I don't know if you follow the news in Canada, but last night there was an interesting bit on Pangnirtung's use of time. On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time, Pangnirtung wobbled. Here is the result of their wobble: The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time: First Air Power Corp Nunavut Construction Health Center RCMP Eastern Arctic National Parks A & D Specialist The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time: Hamlet office All other businesses Both schools Airport operator This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news. No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally. They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart, so it appears that the situation will last at least that long. The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with the current state of affairs. Sincerely, Rives McDow ------- End of forwarded message ------- ------- Start of forwarded message ------- Date: Tue, 09 Nov 1999 06:48:13 -0800 Subject: Pitcairn From: "Rives McDow" <rmcdow(a)enteles.com> To: Paul Eggert <eggert(a)twinsun.com> Dear Paul, I received a reply about Pitcairn. The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998. I wasn't told the time of day, but I think it is safe for now to assume 0:00 on the 27th. I inquired about this, but don't know if I will get a reply back from a populace of 50 people. If you want to post this and the previous information to the mailing list, edited as you see fit, feel free to do so. Sincerely, Rives McDow ------- End of forwarded message -------

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Nunavut time zone controversy is still hot
by Paul Eggert Nov. 9, 1999

Nov. 9, 1999

The November 5 issue of the Nunatsiaq News contains a letter about the recent time zone change in Nunavut. The letter is entitled ``Nunavut government rules by tyranny''. It suggests (among other things) that Nunavut needs ``a better form of governance where we could really let the government be accountable to us'' It ends as follows: (I am requesting now to have my name withheld from this letter, in case it is published, because I fear that there would be repercussions imposed on me, and my job might be terminated because of the fact that I publicly criticized the government in the manner that I did.) (Name withheld by request) Iqaluit See: Nunatsiaq News, Nunavut Edition: Letters to the Editor http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/letters.html (1999-11-05)

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