January 1999 - tz - lists.iana.org

US vs. European Date Notation
by Markus Kuhn June 8, 1999

June 8, 1999

May be someone on this list has some insight about this topic: A journalist of the Wall Street Journal has contacted me as part of his research for a feature article about date notations. He noted that more and more Americans now start to use the European day, month, year notation instead of the traditional month, day, year, and he now realizes that thanks to ISO 8601 all this is moving into the wrong direction anyway. He would be very interested into any pointers of the history of these three date notations, and actually I am quite interested as well. Why do Americans write dates as "December 31, 1999" while Europeans write "31 December 1999", etc.? Why are in East Asia Bigendian dates more common? Markus -- Markus G. Kuhn, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK Email: mkuhn at acm.org, WWW: <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/>

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Re: US vs. European Date Notation
by Eric Ulevik Jan. 31, 1999

Jan. 31, 1999

From: Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn(a)cl.cam.ac.uk> >He would be very interested into any pointers of the history of these >three date notations, and actually I am quite interested as well. Unfortunately, no history, but I do have some thoughts: * another notation is <day>.<month number in lower case roman numerals>.<year> Example: 31.i.99, 9.ix.99, 1.i.2000 * day.month.year is logical, as is year.month.day. Historical accident may prefer one or the other. * month.day.year is odd. Why would people use it? Perhaps it is a US invention. Examination of historical records may be fruitful. I did find "John Hancock, President. Dated, Philadelphia, June 19, 1775."

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proposed tz changes for 2000 Olympics, Brazil, Fiji, Israel, etc.
by Paul Eggert Jan. 31, 1999

Jan. 31, 1999

Sorry, it's been a while since I gathered together my notes about time zone changes. I finally digested all the contributions to the tz mailing list since September and came up with the following proposed patch. Thanks to everyone who wrote in. Here's a summary of the this patch, and its contributors: Thanks to Gwillim Law for the following, derived from the 1998-09 IATA SSIM: * New South Wales and Victoria will start DST early in 2000 for the Olympics. * Georgia has gone back to UTC+4 with DST. * Cyprus now uses EU DST rules. (Please see further contributions from Law below.) Thanks to Rives McDow for the following info: * Fiji now observes DST. * Quintana Roo has reverted from Eastern to Central Time. * This year, Israel will observe DST from 04-02 02:00 to 09-03 02:00. (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg for this info.) * Nicaragua also has reverted from Eastern to Central Time. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen for this info.) * Estonia now uses EU DST rules. (Thanks to Peter Ilieve for this info.) * Fix off-by-one-day typo for Egypt since 1995. * Extensive updates to the Brazilian time zone history, taken from the DSH web site (the official source of time info for Brazil). These were translated by Gwillim Law; thanks! As a result, there are new entries for America/Belem, America/Araguaina, and America/Porto_Velho, all of which have distinct time zone histories since 1970. * Add comments about European time zone decrees and laws in the 1920s, taken from DSH as translated by Gwillim Law. * Updated historical information for Japan. Tokyo time was "CJT" between 1896 and 1937. The Asia/Ishigaki entry was bogus, so it was removed. (Thanks to Hideyuki Suzuki for this info.) * Add comment about H.R.177, which would advance the start of US DST by a month, from April to March. (Thanks to Alex Livingston for this.) * Add comments about Navassa and Great Swan Island; their time zone histories are still unknown. * Update URLs in WWW.htm. =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/WWW.htm,v retrieving revision 1998.8 retrieving revision 1998.8.1.1 diff -u -r1998.8 -r1998.8.1.1 --- WWW.htm 1998/09/24 14:46:08 1998.8 +++ WWW.htm 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1998.8.1.1 @@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ similarly, the data are in <samp>tzdata<var>D</var>.tar.gz</samp>, where <samp><var>D</var></samp> is the data's version. <P> -The <A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE">GNU C Library</A> +The <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C Library</A> has an independent, thread-safe implementation of -a time zone file reader. +a time zone file reader that is compatible with <samp>zoneinfo</samp>. This library is freely available under the GNU Library General Public License, and is widely used in GNU/Linux systems. <P> @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ <A HREF="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/world_maps.html"> Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection</A> of the University of Texas at Austin has on-line copies of -the 1995 and 1997 editions. +recent editions. The pictorial quality is good, but the maps do not indicate summer time, and parts of the data are a few years out of date. @@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ (1998-09-22) </P> <H2>Arthur David Olson writes:</H2><P> -A good source of information about ISO 8601 seems to be +A good source of information about +<A HREF="http://www.iso.ch/markete/moreend.htm">ISO 8601</A> seems to be <A HREF="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">International Standard Date and Time Notation</A> maintained by Markus Kuhn. =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/asia,v retrieving revision 1998.8 retrieving revision 1998.8.1.1 diff -u -r1998.8 -r1998.8.1.1 --- asia 1998/09/24 14:46:09 1998.8 +++ asia 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1998.8.1.1 @@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ # 5:30 IST India # 7:00 ICT Indochina* # 8:00 CST China +# 9:00 CJT Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)* # 9:00 JST Japan # 9:00 KST Korea # 9:30 CST (Australian) Central Standard Time @@ -246,6 +247,10 @@ # Taiwan +# Shanks (1995) writes that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it +# was still controlled by Japan. This is hard to believe, but we don't +# have any other information. + # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S @@ -295,11 +300,13 @@ Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 - Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - -Rule Cyprus 1979 max - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - -Rule Cyprus 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - +Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14 - 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT + 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep + 2:00 EU EE%sT +# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time. # Georgia # From Paul Eggert <eggert(a)twinsun.com> (1994-11-19): @@ -321,7 +328,8 @@ 3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 1992 # Georgia Time 3:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1994 Sep lastSun 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1996 Oct lastSun - 5:00 - GET + 4:00 1:00 GEST 1997 Mar lastSun + 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT # India # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] @@ -509,22 +517,21 @@ Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S # From Ephraim Silverberg <ephraim(a)cs.huji.ac.il> -# (1997-03-04 and 1998-03-16): +# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16 and 1998-12-28): # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes. -# Each year they decide anew what havoc to wreak on the country. However, -# there is a "supposed" set of rules which is subject to change depending -# on the party the Minister of Interior, the size of the coalition -# government, the phase of the moon and the direction of the wind. Hence, -# changes may need to be made on a semi-annual basis. One thing is entrenched -# in law, however: that there must be at least 150 days of daylight savings -# time annually. Ever since 1993, the change to daylight savings time is -# on a Thursday night from midnight IST to 1 a.m IDT. The change back to -# standard time is on a Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time -# to 11 p.m. standard time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the -# change back to standard time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday -# night to avoid conflicts with the Jewish New Year. +# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150 +# days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to +# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to +# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a +# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard +# time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard +# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid +# conflicts with the Jewish New Year. Starting in 1999, the change to +# daylight savings time will still be on a Friday morning but from +# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time +# will now also be on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D @@ -570,19 +577,21 @@ Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S -# From Member of Knesset Avraham Poraz, as quoted in Ha'aretz (1998-09-02): -# [The 1998-09-06 transition is to] serve the interests of a small minority -# of ultra-Orthodox Sephardic Jews who, during the [Hebrew] month of Elul, -# recite Slihot penitential prayers in the early morning hours -# and thus find daylight time inconvenient. +# Due to imminent elections in 1999, there are no dates for the year 2000 +# and beyond. There was a move to legislate the DST rules in Israel, but +# due to the government's fall, it most likely won't be brought to the Knesset +# for first reading before the elections and will probably be altered by the +# newly elected government. -# From Paul Eggert (1998-01-12): -# Here are guesses for rules after 1998. +# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): +# Here are guesses for rules after 1999. # They are probably wrong, but they are more likely than no DST at all. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S -Rule Zion 1999 max - Mar Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 D -Rule Zion 1999 max - Sep Sun>=1 0:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2000 max - Apr Fri>=1 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2000 max - Sep Fri>=1 2:00 0 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:56 - LMT 1880 @@ -609,13 +618,36 @@ # but the only locations using it were US military bases. # We go with Shanks and omit daylight saving in those years for Asia/Tokyo. -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] -Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:19:04 - LMT 1896 +# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09): +# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical +# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0. +# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996' +# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.... +# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST). +# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07. + +# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16): +# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan, +# which stands for the time on E 135 degree. +# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central +# standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard +# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree.... But "western standard +# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No. +# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is +# standard.... +# +# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate. +# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor. + +# Shanks claims JST in use since 1896, and that a few places (e.g. Ishigaki) +# use +0800; go with Suzuki. Guess that all ordinances took effect on Jan 1. + +# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u + 9:00 - JST 1896 + 9:00 - CJT 1938 9:00 - JST -Zone Asia/Ishigaki 8:16:36 - LMT 1896 - 8:00 - CST -# There is no information for Marcus. -# Other Japanese possessions are probably like Asia/Tokyo. +# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo. # Jordan # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S @@ -1017,8 +1049,8 @@ Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 - -# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; (1998-02) says 1998-04-02, -# 1999-03-29, and 1999-09-29; ignore all these claims for now. +# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; (1998-02) says 1998-04-02; +# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; ignore all these claims for now. Rule Syria 1994 max - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Syria 1994 max - Oct 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/northamerica,v retrieving revision 1998.8 retrieving revision 1998.8.1.1 diff -u -r1998.8 -r1998.8.1.1 --- northamerica 1998/09/24 14:46:11 1998.8 +++ northamerica 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1998.8.1.1 @@ -59,6 +59,9 @@ Rule US 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1976 1986 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1987 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D +# <a href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:h.r.00177:"> +# H.R.177 +# </a> (introduced 1999-01-06) would change April to March in the above rule. # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): # ...Alaska (and Hawaii) had the timezone names changed in 1967. @@ -440,8 +443,14 @@ -6:00 US C%sT # Navassa -# uninhabited - +# claimed by US under the provisions of the 1856 Guano Islands Act +# also claimed by Haiti +# occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co +# US lighthouse 1917/1997-01 +# currently uninhabited +# see Mark Fineman, ``An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord'', +# _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites +# Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994). # Old names, for S5 users @@ -985,6 +994,10 @@ # ``Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover'' (1996-01-04). # </a> +# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): +# The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times +# (i.e. UTC -0600 and -0500 as of 1998-08-02). + # From Shanks (1991): # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Mexico 1939 only - Feb 5 0:00 1:00 D @@ -1006,7 +1019,8 @@ Zone America/Cancun -5:47:04 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 1:12:42 -6:00 - CST 1996 -6:00 Mexico C%sT 1997 Oct lastSun 2:00 - -5:00 Mexico E%sT + -5:00 Mexico E%sT 1998 Aug 2 2:00 + -6:00 Mexico C%sT # Central Mexico Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:23:24 -7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00 @@ -1251,6 +1265,8 @@ # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 - LMT 1921 Apr -6:00 Salv C%sT +# +# Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972 # Jamaica @@ -1285,6 +1301,11 @@ -4:00 - AST # Nicaragua +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (1998-12-29): +# Nicaragua seems to be back at -6:00 but I have not been able to find when +# they changed from -5:00. +# # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Nic 1979 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D Rule Nic 1979 1980 - Jun Mon>=23 0:00 0 S @@ -1296,7 +1317,8 @@ -6:00 - CST 1973 May -5:00 - EST 1975 Feb 16 -6:00 Nic C%sT 1993 Jan 1 4:00 - -5:00 - EST + -5:00 - EST 1998 Dec + -6:00 - CST # Panama # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/australasia,v retrieving revision 1998.8 retrieving revision 1998.8.1.1 diff -u -r1998.8 -r1998.8.1.1 --- australasia 1998/09/24 14:46:09 1998.8 +++ australasia 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1998.8.1.1 @@ -110,9 +110,11 @@ Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule AV 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - -Rule AV 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule AV 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - +Rule AV 2000 only - Aug 26 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01 @@ -128,9 +130,11 @@ Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - -Rule AN 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - +Rule AN 2000 only - Aug 26 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 10:00 - EST 1917 Jan 1 0:01 @@ -197,9 +201,12 @@ Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time # Fiji +# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Fiji 1998 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Fiji 1999 max - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva - 12:00 - FJT # Fiji Time + 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time # French Polynesia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] @@ -804,6 +811,10 @@ # This is going to take some time to be negotiated, because the plan is to do # this in multiple states due to soccer games (which are not just in Sydney). +# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian +# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken +# Hill, and Victoria will be August 26, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. + # Yancowinna # From John Basser (1989-01-04): @@ -889,6 +900,18 @@ # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on +12:00. # Perhaps it didn't take. We go with Shanks's more precise date in 1915. +# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): +# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 +# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will +# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. + +# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC): +# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to +# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it +# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific +# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new +# millenium. + # Johnston # Johnston data is from usno1995. =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/europe,v retrieving revision 1999.1 retrieving revision 1999.1.1.1 diff -u -r1999.1 -r1999.1.1.1 --- europe 1999/01/19 21:20:16 1999.1 +++ europe 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1999.1.1.1 @@ -18,9 +18,17 @@ # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. # -# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, -# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which -# I found in the UCLA library. +# Other sources occasionally used include: +# +# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, +# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), +# which I found in the UCLA library. +# +# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), +# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> +# History of Summer Time +# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) + # # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. @@ -115,9 +123,10 @@ # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. -# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): +# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), -# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) +# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society +# who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, @@ -1100,6 +1109,10 @@ Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S +# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd +# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), +# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 +# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S @@ -1240,6 +1253,18 @@ # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to # summer time next spring.'' + +# From Peter Ilieve <peter(a)aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: +# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> +# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law +# </a> +# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between +# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). +# +# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation +# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" +# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). + # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time @@ -1250,7 +1275,7 @@ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s - 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 + 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 2:00 EU EE%sT # Finland @@ -1291,6 +1316,9 @@ Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S +# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st +# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions +# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S @@ -1793,10 +1821,8 @@ # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - -# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. -Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S -# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, -# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. +# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, +# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S @@ -1874,6 +1900,9 @@ # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not +# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. +# Go with Shanks. Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/southamerica,v retrieving revision 1999.1 retrieving revision 1999.1.1.1 diff -u -r1999.1 -r1999.1.1.1 --- southamerica 1999/01/19 21:20:18 1999.1 +++ southamerica 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1999.1.1.1 @@ -249,70 +249,90 @@ # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"> # Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil # </a> (1998-09-25, in Portuguese). -# I don't read Portuguese, and haven't been able to verify them against -# the Shanks and IATA data; there do seem to be minor discrepancies. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm">20.466</a> (1931-01-10) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm">21.896</a> (1932-01-10) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm">20,466</a> (1931-10-01) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm">21,896</a> (1932-01-10) Rule Brazil 1931 only - Oct 3 11:00 1:00 D Rule Brazil 1932 1933 - Apr 1 0:00 0 S Rule Brazil 1932 only - Oct 3 0:00 1:00 D -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm">23.195</a> (1933-10-10) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm">23,195</a> (1933-10-10) # revoked DST. -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm">27.496</a> (1949-11-24) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm">27.998</a> (1950-04-13) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm">32.308</a> (1953-02-24) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm">27,496</a> (1949-11-24) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm">27,998</a> (1950-04-13) Rule Brazil 1949 1952 - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 D -Rule Brazil 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 0 S -Rule Brazil 1951 1953 - Apr 1 0:00 0 S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm">34.724</a> (1953-11-30) +Rule Brazil 1950 only - Apr 16 1:00 0 S +Rule Brazil 1951 1952 - Apr 1 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm">32,308</a> (1953-02-24) +Rule Brazil 1953 only - Mar 1 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm">34,724</a> (1953-11-30) # revoked DST. -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm">52.700</a> (1963-10-18) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm">53.071</a> (1963-12-03) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm">52,700</a> (1963-10-18) +# established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00 +# in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought. +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm">53,071</a> (1963-12-03) +# extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09. Rule Brazil 1963 only - Dec 9 0:00 1:00 D -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm">53.604</a> (1964-02-25) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm">53,604</a> (1964-02-25) +# extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school). Rule Brazil 1964 only - Mar 1 0:00 0 S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm">55.639</a> (1965-01-27) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm">55,639</a> (1965-01-27) Rule Brazil 1965 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D -Rule Brazil 1965 only - Apr 1 0:00 0 S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm">57.303</a> (1965-11-22) +Rule Brazil 1965 only - Mar 31 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm">57,303</a> (1965-11-22) Rule Brazil 1965 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 D -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm">57.843</a> (1966-02-18) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm">57,843</a> (1966-02-18) Rule Brazil 1966 1968 - Mar 1 0:00 0 S Rule Brazil 1966 1967 - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm">63.429</a> (1968-10-15) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm">91.698</a> (1985-09-27) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm">63,429</a> (1968-10-15) +# revoked DST. +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm">91,698</a> (1985-09-27) Rule Brazil 1985 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 D -# Decree 92.310 (1986-01-21) -# Decree 92.463 (1986-03-13) +# Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21) +# Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13) Rule Brazil 1986 only - Mar 15 0:00 0 S -# Decree 93.316 (1986-10-01) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm">94.922</a> (1987-09-22) -Rule Brazil 1986 1987 - Oct Sat<=28 0:00 1:00 D +# Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01) +Rule Brazil 1986 only - Oct 25 0:00 1:00 D Rule Brazil 1987 only - Feb 14 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm">94,922</a> (1987-09-22) +Rule Brazil 1987 only - Oct 25 0:00 1:00 D Rule Brazil 1988 only - Feb 7 0:00 0 S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm">96.676</a> (1988-09-12) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm">98.077</a> (1989-08-21) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm">99.530</a> (1990-09-17) -# Decree 99.629 (1990-10-19) -# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1991-09-25): -# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1992-10-16): -Rule Brazil 1989 only - Jan 22 0:00 0 S -Rule Brazil 1988 1989 - Oct Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D -Rule Brazil 1990 1991 - Feb Sun>=11 0:00 0 S -Rule Brazil 1990 1992 - Oct Sun>=20 0:00 1:00 D +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm">96,676</a> (1988-09-12) +# except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory) +Rule Brazil 1988 only - Oct 16 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1989 only - Jan 29 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm">98,077</a> (1989-08-21) +# with the same exceptions +Rule Brazil 1989 only - Oct 15 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1990 only - Feb 11 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm">99,530</a> (1990-09-17) +# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF. +# Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT. +Rule Brazil 1990 only - Oct 21 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1991 only - Feb 17 0:00 0 S +# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1991-09-25) +# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF. +Rule Brazil 1991 only - Oct 20 0:00 1:00 D Rule Brazil 1992 only - Feb 9 0:00 0 S +# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1992-10-16) +# adopted by same states. +Rule Brazil 1992 only - Oct 25 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1993 only - Jan 31 0:00 0 S # Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm">942</a> (1993-09-28) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm">1.252</a> (1994-09-22) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm">1.636</a> (1995-09-14) -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm">1.674</a> (1995-10-13) +# adopted by same states, plus AM. +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm">1,252</a> (1994-09-22) +# adopted by same states, minus AM. +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm">1,636</a> (1995-09-14) +# adopted by same states, plus TO. +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm">1,674</a> (1995-10-13) +# adds AL, SE. Rule Brazil 1993 1995 - Oct Sun>=11 0:00 1:00 D -Rule Brazil 1993 only - Jan 31 0:00 0 S Rule Brazil 1994 1995 - Feb Sun>=15 0:00 0 S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm">2.000</a> (1996-09-04) -Rule Brazil 1996 only - Feb Sun>=11 0:00 0 S -Rule Brazil 1996 only - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1996 only - Feb 11 0:00 0 S +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm">2,000</a> (1996-09-04) +# adopted by same states, minus AL, SE. +Rule Brazil 1996 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1997 only - Feb 16 0:00 0 S # From Daniel C. Sobral <dcs(a)gns.com.br> (1998-02-12): # In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that # because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS, @@ -326,16 +346,17 @@ # </a>, # Church Net UK (1997-10-02). # -# Decree 2.317 (1997-09-04) +# Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states. Rule Brazil 1997 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 D -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG">2.495</a> +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG">2,495</a> # (1998-02-10) Rule Brazil 1998 only - Mar 1 0:00 0 S -# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg">2.780</a> (1998-09-11) +# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg">2,780</a> (1998-09-11) +# adopted by the same states as before, # specifies only the 1998-10-11 and 1999-02-21 transitions; # after that, these rules are guesses and are quite possibly wrong, # but they are more likely than no DST at all. -Rule Brazil 1998 max - Oct Sun>=11 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Brazil 1998 max - Oct Sun>=8 0:00 1:00 D Rule Brazil 1999 max - Feb Sun>=15 0:00 0 S @@ -343,46 +364,60 @@ # # Fernando de Noronha Zone America/Noronha -2:09:40 - LMT 1914 - -2:00 - FST 1963 Dec 9 -2:00 Brazil F%sT 1990 Jul -2:00 - FST # -# Amapa, east Para, Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, +# Amapa, east Para +Zone America/Belem -3:13:56 - LMT 1914 + -3:00 Brazil E%sT 1988 Jul + -3:00 - EST +# +# Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, # Pernambuco (except Fernando de Noronha) Zone America/Fortaleza -2:34:00 - LMT 1914 - -3:00 - EST 1963 Dec 9 -3:00 Brazil E%sT 1990 Jul -3:00 - EST # -# Alagoas, Sergipe, Tocantins -# IATA SSIM (1996/1998) keeps bouncing back and forth as to whether -# Alagoas and Sergipe observe DST. For now, continue to assume that they do. -Zone America/Maceio -2:22:52 - LMT 1914 - -3:00 - EST 1963 Dec 9 +# Tocantins +Zone America/Araguaina -3:12:48 - LMT 1914 -3:00 Brazil E%sT 1990 Jul -3:00 - EST 1995 Jul -3:00 Brazil E%sT # +# Alagoas, Sergipe +Zone America/Maceio -2:22:52 - LMT 1914 + -3:00 Brazil E%sT 1990 Jul + -3:00 - EST 1995 Jul + -3:00 Brazil E%sT 1996 Jul + -3:00 - EST +# # Bahia, Goias, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, # Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul Zone America/Sao_Paulo -3:06:28 - LMT 1914 + -3:00 Brazil E%sT 1963 Oct 23 00:00 + -3:00 - EDT 1964 -3:00 Brazil E%sT # # Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul Zone America/Cuiaba -3:44:20 - LMT 1914 - -4:00 - WST 1963 Dec 9 - -4:00 Brazil W%sT + -4:00 Brazil W%sT 1990 Jul + -4:00 - WST +# +# Roraima, west Para, Rondonia +Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 - LMT 1914 + -4:00 Brazil W%sT 1988 Jul + -4:00 - WST # -# Roraima, west Para, Amazonas, Rondonia +# Amazonas Zone America/Manaus -4:00:04 - LMT 1914 - -4:00 - WST 1963 Dec 9 - -4:00 Brazil W%sT 1990 Jul + -4:00 Brazil W%sT 1988 Jul + -4:00 - WST 1993 Jul + -4:00 Brazil W%sT 1994 Jul -4:00 - WST # # Acre # Rio_Branco is too ambiguous, since there's a Rio Branco in Uruguay too. Zone America/Porto_Acre -4:31:12 - LMT 1914 - -5:00 - AST 1963 Dec 9 -5:00 Brazil A%sT 1988 Jul -5:00 - AST # @@ -518,8 +553,6 @@ Rule Para 1994 1995 - Feb lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Para 1996 1998 - Mar 1 0:00 0 - Rule Para 1996 max - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S -# IATA SSIM (1998-02) claims that the 1999 switch will be on 02-27. -# Assume this is a typo, and that 02-28 was meant. Rule Para 1999 max - Feb lastSun 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone America/Asuncion -3:50:40 - LMT 1890 =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/zone.tab,v retrieving revision 1.2.1.8.1.2 retrieving revision 1.2.1.8.1.3 diff -u -r1.2.1.8.1.2 -r1.2.1.8.1.3 --- zone.tab 1998/09/23 01:42:49 1.2.1.8.1.2 +++ zone.tab 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1.2.1.8.1.3 @@ -69,11 +69,14 @@ BN +0456+11455 Asia/Brunei BO -1630-06809 America/La_Paz BR -0351-03225 America/Noronha Fernando de Noronha -BR -0343-03830 America/Fortaleza NE Brazil (AP, east PA, MA, PI, CE, RN, PR, PE) -BR -0940-03543 America/Maceio ENE Brazil (AL, SE, TO) +BR -0127-04829 America/Belem Amapa, E Para +BR -0343-03830 America/Fortaleza NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PR, PE) +BR -0712-04812 America/Araguaina Tocantins +BR -0940-03543 America/Maceio Alagoas, Sergipe BR -2332-04637 America/Sao_Paulo S & SE Brazil (BA, GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS) -BR -1535-05605 America/Cuiaba SW Brazil (MT, MS) -BR -0308-06001 America/Manaus NW Brazil (RR, west PA, AM, RO) +BR -1535-05605 America/Cuiaba Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul +BR -0846-06354 America/Porto_Velho W Para, Rondonia, Roraima +BR -0308-06001 America/Manaus Amazonas BR -0934-06731 America/Porto_Acre Acre BS +2505-07721 America/Nassau BT +2728+08939 Asia/Thimbu @@ -188,8 +191,7 @@ IT +4154+01229 Europe/Rome JM +1800-07648 America/Jamaica JO +3157+03556 Asia/Amman -JP +3542+13946 Asia/Tokyo most locations -JP +2420+12409 Asia/Ishigaki south Ryukyu Islands +JP +353916+1394441 Asia/Tokyo KE -0117+03649 Africa/Nairobi KG +4254+07436 Asia/Bishkek KH +1133+10455 Asia/Phnom_Penh =================================================================== RCS file: RCS/africa,v retrieving revision 1998.8 retrieving revision 1998.8.1.1 diff -u -r1998.8 -r1998.8.1.1 --- africa 1998/09/24 14:46:08 1998.8 +++ africa 1999/01/31 08:56:31 1998.8.1.1 @@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ Rule Egypt 1989 only - May 6 1:00 1:00 S Rule Egypt 1990 1994 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S # IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00. -# Go with IATA starting in 1995. +# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29. Rule Egypt 1995 max - Apr Fri>=22 0:00s 1:00 S -Rule Egypt 1995 max - Sep lastFri 23:00s 0 - +Rule Egypt 1995 max - Sep lastThu 23:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Africa/Cairo 2:05:00 - LMT 1900 Oct

1 0

Re: US vs. European Date Notation
by Dik.Winter＠cwi.nl Jan. 29, 1999

Jan. 29, 1999

> He would be very interested into any pointers of the history of these > three date notations, and actually I am quite interested as well. Why do > Americans write dates as "December 31, 1999" while Europeans write "31 > December 1999", etc.? Why are in East Asia Bigendian dates more common? I wouldn't know the why, but Hungary is also bigendian. Not so surprising, in the names the christian name also follows the family name, so you have the "Street Chopin Frederic" (loosely translated). dik -- dik t. winter, cwi, kruislaan 413, 1098 sj amsterdam, nederland, +31205924131 home: bovenover 215, 1025 jn amsterdam, nederland; http://www.cwi.nl/~dik/

1 0

Proposed change to daylight-saving time in US
by Alex LIVINGSTON Jan. 28, 1999

Jan. 28, 1999

Exceptionally, I didn't find out first about this on this list! Below is a quote from a posting to the only other discussion list I subscribe to, CALNDR-L: At 19:43 -0600 1999-01-15, Bill Spencer wrote: >There is a bill to move Daylight Savings Time start from >April to March (1st Sunday of either). It was introduced by >Rep. Bill McCollum on 1999-01-06, and referred to the House >Committee on Commerce. >(http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:h.r.00177:) > >I happened upon this when looking through the main House of >Representatives web site (http://www.house.gov/) The bill actually calls it "Daylight Savings Time", when I thought we'd settled on "daylight-saving time" (or the same without the hyphen). At risk of inciting the wrath of some subscribers to the list, I'll dare to comment that this would be a very good northern-hemisphere standard, because (1) it means there are the same number of weeks (34) of daylight-saving time in every year, (2) the times of sunrise at the beginning and end of the period are close over a range of latitudes that covers practically all the population which might be affected (sun rises later in the high 20s north by about the same amount at the beginning than the end as it does earlier at the beginning than the end in the high 50s north), and (3) except in leap years starting on Thursdays, the start date is the Sunday of ISO week 9 and the end date is the Sunday of ISO week 43. (I just won't learn, will I?) --Alex

1 0

Re: leapsecond
by Bradley White Jan. 28, 1999

Jan. 28, 1999

Daniel GAMBIS, Director, Central Bureau of IERS, writes: > No positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 1999. But he is strangely silent on the subject of a *negative* leap second! :-)

2 1

leapsecond
by Denis.Excoffier＠ens.fr Jan. 28, 1999

Jan. 28, 1999

3 2

Bulletin C number 17
by None Jan. 28, 1999

Jan. 28, 1999

INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION SERVICE (IERS) SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE BUREAU CENTRAL DE L'IERS OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France) Tel. : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26 FAX : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91 Internet : iers(a)obspm.fr Paris, 28 January 1999 Bulletin C 17 To authorities responsible for the measurement and distribution of time INFORMATION ON UTC - TAI No positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 1999. The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is : from 1999 January 1, 0h UTC, until further notice : UTC-TAI = - 32 s Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every six months, either to announce a time step in UTC, or to confirm that there will be no time step at the next possible date. Daniel GAMBIS Director Central Bureau of IERS

1 0

Bulletin C number 17
by None Jan. 28, 1999

Jan. 28, 1999

INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION SERVICE (IERS) SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE BUREAU CENTRAL DE L'IERS OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France) Tel. : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26 FAX : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91 Internet : iers(a)obspm.fr Paris, 28 January 1999 Bulletin C 17 To authorities responsible for the measurement and distribution of time INFORMATION ON UTC - TAI No positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 1999. The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is : from 1999 January 1, 0h UTC, until further notice : UTC-TAI = - 32 s Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every six months, either to announce a time step in UTC, or to confirm that there will be no time step at the next possible date. Daniel GAMBIS Director Central Bureau of IERS

1 0

Bulletin C number 17
by IERS/CB Jan. 28, 1999

Jan. 28, 1999

INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION SERVICE (IERS) SERVICE INTERNATIONAL DE LA ROTATION TERRESTRE BUREAU CENTRAL DE L'IERS OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS 61, Av. de l'Observatoire 75014 PARIS (France) Tel. : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 26 FAX : 33 (0) 1 40 51 22 91 Internet : iers(a)obspm.fr Paris, 28 January 1999 Bulletin C 17 To authorities responsible for the measurement and distribution of time INFORMATION ON UTC - TAI No positive leap second will be introduced at the end of June 1999. The difference between UTC and the International Atomic Time TAI is : from 1999 January 1, 0h UTC, until further notice : UTC-TAI = - 32 s Leap seconds can be introduced in UTC at the end of the months of December or June, depending on the evolution of UT1-TAI. Bulletin C is mailed every six months, either to announce a time step in UTC, or to confirm that there will be no time step at the next possible date. Daniel GAMBIS Director Central Bureau of IERS

1 0