- tz - lists.iana.org

Large scale changes proposed in 2014f
by Stephen Colebourne Aug. 5, 2014

Aug. 5, 2014

I believe that the changes currently proposed are far far too widespread and damaging. I have taken the latest in the GitHub repo and expanded them out into actual resolved results. The differences between 2014e and 2014f-proposed can be seen here: https://github.com/jodastephen/tzdiff/commit/c812da9e12bd6f8aa52fa2dd758e23… (other version differences available here: https://github.com/jodastephen/tzdiff/commits/proposed-2014f) As can be seen from the first link, the changes proposed are very widespread. they include - Africa/Accra gains DST between 1920 and 1935 - Africa/Freetown loses its entire history of DST - Africa/Kampala has very different DST history - Africa/Dar_es_Salaam has entirely different history before 1961 - Africa/Djibouti gains history before 1960 - Africa/Addis_Ababa has completely different history before 1960 - Africa/Asmara has completely different history before 1960 - Africa/Conakry loses history before 1960 - Africa/Banjul loses history before 1964 - Africa/Maseru gains DST history - Africa/Mbabane gains DST history - Africa/Mogadishu gains completely different DST history and many others with more minor changes. I'd also note that Ho_Chi_Minh, Kashgar, Saigon, Vientiane and Phnom_Penh lose their entire history The changes to Asia/Qatar and Asia/Kuwait look suspect. Asia/Urumqi loses its entire history. Indian/Antananarivo, Comoro and Mayotte get entirely different DST history. Pacific/Midway, Pago_Pago, Saipan, Samoa get entirely different DST history. The above is an attempt to summarise some but not all of the changes. I am far from convinced that the scale of the proposed changes (far bigger than even 2013e) have been anywhere near justified. Is there consensus on the list that all of these changes are better than what went before? Stephen On 16 July 2014 06:40, Paul Eggert <eggert(a)cs.ucla.edu> wrote: > Paul Eggert wrote: >> >> Alan Barrett wrote: >>> >>> To the best of my knowledge, most other African countries that share the >>> same UTC offset do not use the abbreviation "SAST" >> >> >> Thanks for catching this; this was indeed an error in the merge, and >> I'll prepare a patch shortly that reverts to the previous behavior here >> as well. > > > By "most other African countries" I expect you meant the same set of > countries that use "CAT" rather than "SAST" in Release 2014e. > > Anyway, the revised patch turned into more research than I expected, but I > finally came up with the attached proposal. This patch fixes the problem > you noted, along with the other specific problems noted, though it does > still turn some zones into links when there's no good evidence for the > zones' differences. > > I hope I correctly puzzled out Google Translate's mangling of Hungarian for > the fixes to Hungarian daylight saving time rules in 1918-1945. Oross's work > has facsimiles of the original material! If only our other sources were as > meticulous....

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Corroborating material
by Lester Caine Aug. 4, 2014

Aug. 4, 2014

I'm going to try and get a bit of time in on http://timedb.co.uk/ and I'd appreciate any material people have relating to historic timezone data ... -- Lester Caine - G8HFL ----------------------------- Contact - http://lsces.co.uk/wiki/?page=contact L.S.Caine Electronic Services - http://lsces.co.uk EnquirySolve - http://enquirysolve.com/ Model Engineers Digital Workshop - http://medw.co.uk Rainbow Digital Media - http://rainbowdigitalmedia.co.uk

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Fwd: Proposal to rename zone.tab to region.tab
by Tobias Conradi July 31, 2014

July 31, 2014

Retry, this didn't go through 2013-09-15, due to blocking by the time zone mailing list maintainer. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Tobias Conradi <mail.2012(a)tobiasconradi.com> Date: Sun, Sep 15, 2013 at 12:29 PM Subject: Proposal to rename zone.tab to region.tab To: "tz(a)iana.org mailing list" <tz(a)iana.org> Proposal to rename ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/data/zone.tab to ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/data/region.tab Reason: ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/code/Theory says ----- Scope of the tz database ----- ... To represent this data, the world is partitioned into regions .... For each such region, the database records all known clock transitions, and labels the region ...... Uniquely identify every national region .... Indicate to humans as to where that region is. .... is the name of a specific location within that region. ..... Uninhabited regions like ..... If all the clocks in a region have agreed since 1970, .... even if subregions' clocks disagreed before 1970. ...... Use cities or small islands, not countries or regions, [! other meaning] ..... The file `zone.tab' lists the geographical locations used to name time zone rule files. It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for geographic regions as described above. -- Tobias Conradi Rheinsberger Str. 18 10115 Berlin Germany http://tobiasconradi.com -- Tobias Conradi Rheinsberger Str. 18 10115 Berlin Germany http://tobiasconradi.com

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Proposal: Use Git and Github better
by Matt Johnson July 31, 2014

July 31, 2014

I think it's great that we're using Git and Github as the experimental / unofficial repository at https://github.com/eggert/tz. It's much easier to track change history looking through the commit log and see the changes than by reading through emails with patch attachments. However, we're not currently taking advantage of all that this environment has to offer. -- Item 1 -- We should be making better use of branches. We currently have a single "master" branch that everything gets committed to. This is problematic, because it doesn't separate things that are certain to be released from things that are proposed changes. For example, the recent time.tab file, and the other large-scale proposed changes that are currently being debated, could have been created on feature branches. This would have given the tz list members a place to look at the proposed changes and make additional suggestions (via pull requests) before things are finalized. As it sits today, since everything is in master, if the proposal is ultimately defeated then new commits will have to be made to master to revert these changes. The danger comes if, say we needed to issue an emergency release sometime in between. Since master isn't in a state of positive agreement, then one would have to branch from an earlier point in history to build a hotfix release, then merge that hotfix back to master later. It's much easier if we can just trust that master always consists of things that are certain to be released. See also: https://www.atlassian.com/git/workflows#!workflow-feature-branch http://www.git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging -- Item 2 -- I think that we should all make better use of forking and pull-requests for submitting proposed changes. Instead of submitting a patch file to the mailing list, one should fork the GitHub repo, make their changes, then create a pull request. This allows for place for discussion on proposals where the code can be referenced much easier. It also ensures that the author of each and every change is tracked in the commit log. And finally, it makes it much clearer which proposals were adopted and which were not. Presently, looking through the mailing list archives, it's quite difficult to tell if any given patch was actually applied or not. -- Item 3 -- We should decide how the GitHub issue tracker fits in to the ecosystem. I see that there have been a few issues reported to via the issue tracker in the past, but most things have come through the mailing list. If we adopt the conventions used by other modern projects, then we should be reporting bugs through the issue tracker so their history can be more easily found. Another benefit is that you can reference issue numbers in commits, and you can reference commits in the comments of an issue. This linking makes it quite easy to find the code or data that was changed in response to an issue. The mailing list should probably be used for extended discussion, rather than as a place to report issues. Though, there may be some blend of both, I personally think that an issue tracker is much more palatable than a mailing list for many of these kinds of things. There should probably be some guidance document on the iana tz page about what goes where. -- Item 4 -- While Paul Eggert is the tz maintainer, and I appreciate his efforts greatly, I personally don't feel that it's appropriate for the github repo to be in his personal "eggert" account. There should instead be a common "organizational account" for the project, such as github.com/tzdb or similar. ("iana" is taken, but appears to be unused or abandonded. Someone may want to inquire about obtaining it, as "github.com/iana/tz" would be quite appropriate IMHO). Though Paul would be the administrator of this account, his own personal account would no longer be authoritative. That also ties back to the idea of pull-requests. Since Paul makes the majority of changes, he would first make them in his own account, and then send a pull-request to the main account. Then a link could be sent to the mailing list for discussion on the pull request before it was merged in. As a side note - I've found that several third-party projects are linking to the unofficial sources using git submodules. While this isn't officially sanctioned, it would be much better if they could link to iana/tz instead of eggert/tz. -- Item 5 -- While code and data often go hand-in-hand, there are quite a lot of projects these days that only rely on the tz data. There are also a lot of releases of code changes that don't require data changes. Having both code and data in a single project seems rather inefficient. I propose that they be split back to separate projects, and maintained in separate github repos (tzdata / tzcode). Also, consider also that perhaps there are too many merged projects just within the code. For example, tzselect, zic, zdump, etc. might be broken out for better visibility of changes and for clarity of dependent files. I look forward to feedback on these items. I'm sure not all will be in agreement, but I think it's important that we look forward to new and better ways to manage this project - rather than just sticking with the ways of the past. -Matt

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Canada/East-Saskatchewan
by Eric Muller July 31, 2014

July 31, 2014

The file backward contains those two links: Link America/Regina Canada/East-Saskatchewan Link America/Regina Canada/Saskatchewan If I am not mistaken, Saskatchewan can be divided in four areas: - the area around Swift Current, using the rule America/Swift_Current - an area to the west, around Lloydminster, using the rule America/Edmonton - an area to the east, around Denare Beach and Creighton, using the rule America/Winnipeg - the rest of the province, using the rule America/Regina I wonder if Canada/East-Saskatchewan was meant for the area to the east, and should therefore be linked to America/Winnipeg instead? Thanks, Eric.

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Some typo fixes
by Tim Parenti July 31, 2014

July 31, 2014

A few typo fixes attached, along with some fuller sources in tz-art.htm. -- Tim Parenti

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Updating the Efele maps: which names?
by Eric Muller July 27, 2014

July 27, 2014

I am looking at updating the Efele maps (http://efele.net/maps/tz/) primarily to deal with the changes in Russia, and more generally make sure that the maps are in sync with the current/next release of TZ. TZ provides a bunch of zone names, either via a Zone entry or via a Link entry. I am taking this opportunity to make sure that all these names are accounted for, in one of three ways: - names that do not belong to the maps (e.g. Etc/UTC) - names that should have a corresponding area in the maps - names that are aliases for other names I elected to retain the current per-country separations, as I believe it is more appropriate for maps, and more generally to retain the finest granularity possible. Some users may want to merge areas that follow the sames rules, but may have different definition of same rules (e.g. some may want to fold what is not different since 1970, others may want to fold what is not different since last year; some may ignore the FORMAT, some may not), and the finest granularity accommodates the largest number of uses. Here is what I came up with. All the names of TZ are supposed to be present somewhere. Comments welcome. Thanks, Eric. These names will not appear in my maps: --- CET CST6CDT EET EST EST5EDT Etc/GMT Etc/GMT0 Etc/GMT-0 Etc/Greenwich GMT GMT+0 GMT0 GMT-0 Greenwich Etc/GMT+1 Etc/GMT+10 Etc/GMT+11 Etc/GMT+12 Etc/GMT+2 Etc/GMT+3 Etc/GMT+4 Etc/GMT+5 Etc/GMT+6 Etc/GMT+7 Etc/GMT+8 Etc/GMT+9 Etc/GMT-1 Etc/GMT-10 Etc/GMT-11 Etc/GMT-12 Etc/GMT-13 Etc/GMT-14 Etc/GMT-2 Etc/GMT-3 Etc/GMT-4 Etc/GMT-5 Etc/GMT-6 Etc/GMT-7 Etc/GMT-8 Etc/GMT-9 Etc/UCT UCT Etc/UTC Etc/Universal Etc/Zulu Universal UTC Zulu HST MET MST MST7MDT PST8PDT WET ---- Each line below will be a separate area, labelled with the first name in the line. The other names are considered aliases. As before, there will also be areas labeled "uninhabited" or "unknown", and Antarctica will be points rather than areas. ---- Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra Africa/Addis_Ababa Africa/Algiers Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera Africa/Bamako Africa/Timbuktu Africa/Bangui Africa/Banjul Africa/Bissau Africa/Blantyre Africa/Brazzaville Africa/Bujumbura Africa/Cairo Egypt Africa/Casablanca Africa/Ceuta Africa/Conakry Africa/Dakar Africa/Dar_es_Salaam Africa/Djibouti Africa/Douala Africa/El_Aaiun Africa/Freetown Africa/Gaborone Africa/Harare Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Juba Africa/Kampala Africa/Khartoum Africa/Kigali Africa/Kinshasa Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville Africa/Lome Africa/Luanda Africa/Lubumbashi Africa/Lusaka Africa/Malabo Africa/Maputo Africa/Maseru Africa/Mbabane Africa/Mogadishu Africa/Monrovia Africa/Nairobi Africa/Ndjamena Africa/Niamey Africa/Nouakchott Africa/Ouagadougou Africa/Porto-Novo Africa/Sao_Tome Africa/Tripoli Libya Africa/Tunis Africa/Windhoek America/Adak US/Aleutian America/Atka America/Anchorage US/Alaska America/Anguilla America/Antigua America/Araguaina America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires America/Buenos_Aires America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Catamarca America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Cordoba America/Rosario America/Argentina/Jujuy America/Jujuy America/Argentina/La_Rioja America/Argentina/Mendoza America/Mendoza America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos America/Argentina/Salta America/Argentina/San_Juan America/Argentina/San_Luis America/Argentina/Tucuman America/Argentina/Ushuaia America/Aruba America/Asuncion America/Atikokan America/Bahia America/Bahia_Banderas America/Barbados America/Belem America/Belize America/Blanc-Sablon America/Boa_Vista America/Bogota America/Boise America/Cambridge_Bay America/Campo_Grande America/Cancun America/Caracas America/Cayenne America/Cayman America/Chicago US/Central America/Chihuahua America/Coral_Harbour America/Costa_Rica America/Creston America/Cuiaba America/Curacao America/Danmarkshavn America/Dawson America/Dawson_Creek America/Denver Navajo US/Mountain America/Shiprock America/Detroit US/Michigan America/Dominica America/Edmonton Canada/Mountain America/Eirunepe America/El_Salvador America/Fortaleza America/Glace_Bay America/Godthab America/Goose_Bay America/Grand_Turk America/Grenada America/Guadeloupe America/Guatemala America/Guayaquil America/Guyana America/Halifax Canada/Atlantic America/Havana Cuba America/Hermosillo America/Indiana/Indianapolis US/East-Indiana America/Fort_Wayne America/Indianapolis America/Indiana/Knox US/Indiana-Starke America/Knox_IN America/Indiana/Marengo America/Indiana/Petersburg America/Indiana/Tell_City America/Indiana/Vevay America/Indiana/Vincennes America/Indiana/Winamac America/Inuvik America/Iqaluit America/Jamaica Jamaica America/Juneau America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Louisville America/Kentucky/Monticello America/Kralendijk America/La_Paz America/Lima America/Los_Angeles US/Pacific US/Pacific-New America/Lower_Princes America/Maceio America/Managua America/Manaus Brazil/West America/Marigot America/Martinique America/Matamoros America/Mazatlan Mexico/BajaSur America/Menominee America/Merida America/Metlakatla America/Mexico_City Mexico/General America/Miquelon America/Moncton America/Monterrey America/Montevideo America/Montreal America/Montserrat America/Nassau America/New_York US/Eastern America/Nipigon America/Nome America/Noronha Brazil/DeNoronha America/North_Dakota/Beulah America/North_Dakota/Center America/North_Dakota/New_Salem America/Ojinaga America/Panama America/Pangnirtung America/Paramaribo America/Phoenix US/Arizona America/Port-au-Prince America/Port_of_Spain America/Porto_Velho America/Puerto_Rico America/Rainy_River America/Rankin_Inlet America/Recife America/Regina Canada/East-Saskatchewan Canada/Saskatchewan America/Resolute America/Rio_Branco Brazil/Acre America/Porto_Acre America/Santa_Isabel America/Santarem America/Santiago Chile/Continental America/Santo_Domingo America/Sao_Paulo Brazil/East America/Scoresbysund America/Sitka America/St_Barthelemy America/St_Johns Canada/Newfoundland America/St_Kitts America/St_Lucia America/St_Thomas America/St_Vincent America/Swift_Current America/Tegucigalpa America/Thule America/Thunder_Bay America/Tijuana Mexico/BajaNorte America/Ensenada America/Toronto Canada/Eastern America/Tortola America/Vancouver Canada/Pacific America/Virgin America/Whitehorse Canada/Yukon America/Winnipeg Canada/Central America/Yakutat America/Yellowknife Antarctica/Casey Antarctica/Davis Antarctica/DumontDUrville Antarctica/Macquarie Antarctica/Mawson Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/Palmer Antarctica/Rothera Antarctica/South_Pole Antarctica/Syowa Antarctica/Troll Antarctica/Vostok Arctic/Longyearbyen Asia/Aden Asia/Almaty Asia/Amman Asia/Anadyr Asia/Aqtau Asia/Aqtobe Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad Asia/Baghdad Asia/Bahrain Asia/Baku Asia/Bangkok Asia/Beirut Asia/Bishkek Asia/Brunei Asia/Chita Asia/Choibalsan Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking Asia/Colombo Asia/Damascus Asia/Dhaka Asia/Dacca Asia/Dili Asia/Dubai Asia/Dushanbe Asia/Gaza Asia/Harbin Asia/Hebron Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Hong_Kong HongKong Asia/Hovd Asia/Irkutsk Asia/Jakarta Asia/Jayapura Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Tel_Aviv Israel Asia/Kabul Asia/Kamchatka Asia/Karachi Asia/Kashgar Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Katmandu Asia/Khandyga Asia/Kolkata Asia/Calcutta Asia/Krasnoyarsk Asia/Kuala_Lumpur Asia/Kuching Asia/Kuwait Asia/Macau Asia/Macao Asia/Magadan Asia/Makassar Asia/Ujung_Pandang Asia/Manila Asia/Muscat Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia Asia/Novokuznetsk Asia/Novosibirsk Asia/Omsk Asia/Oral Asia/Phnom_Penh Asia/Pontianak Asia/Pyongyang Asia/Qatar Asia/Qyzylorda Asia/Rangoon Asia/Riyadh Asia/Saigon Asia/Sakhalin Asia/Samarkand Asia/Seoul ROK Asia/Shanghai PRC Asia/Singapore Singapore Asia/Srednekolymsk Asia/Taipei ROC Asia/Tashkent Asia/Tbilisi Asia/Tehran Iran Asia/Thimphu Asia/Thimbu Asia/Tokyo Japan Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator Asia/Urumqi Asia/Ust-Nera Asia/Vientiane Asia/Vladivostok Asia/Yakutsk Asia/Yekaterinburg Asia/Yerevan Atlantic/Azores Atlantic/Bermuda Atlantic/Canary Atlantic/Cape_Verde Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Faeroe Atlantic/Jan_Mayen Atlantic/Madeira Atlantic/Reykjavik Iceland Atlantic/South_Georgia Atlantic/St_Helena Atlantic/Stanley Australia/Adelaide Australia/South Australia/Brisbane Australia/Queensland Australia/Broken_Hill Australia/Yancowinna Australia/Currie Australia/Darwin Australia/North Australia/Eucla Australia/Hobart Australia/Tasmania Australia/Lindeman Australia/Lord_Howe Australia/LHI Australia/Melbourne Australia/Victoria Australia/Perth Australia/West Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT Australia/Canberra Australia/NSW Europe/Amsterdam Europe/Andorra Europe/Athens Europe/Belgrade Europe/Berlin Europe/Bratislava Europe/Brussels Europe/Bucharest Europe/Budapest Europe/Busingen Europe/Chisinau Europe/Tiraspol Europe/Copenhagen Europe/Dublin Eire Europe/Gibraltar Europe/Guernsey Europe/Helsinki Europe/Isle_of_Man Europe/Istanbul Turkey Asia/Istanbul Europe/Jersey Europe/Kaliningrad Europe/Kiev Europe/Lisbon Portugal Europe/Ljubljana Europe/London GB GB-Eire Europe/Belfast Europe/Luxembourg Europe/Madrid Europe/Malta Europe/Mariehamn Europe/Minsk Europe/Monaco Europe/Moscow W-SU Europe/Oslo Europe/Paris Europe/Podgorica Europe/Prague Europe/Riga Europe/Rome Europe/Samara Europe/San_Marino Europe/Sarajevo Europe/Simferopol Europe/Skopje Europe/Sofia Europe/Stockholm Europe/Tallinn Europe/Tirane Europe/Uzhgorod Europe/Vaduz Europe/Vatican Europe/Vienna Europe/Vilnius Europe/Volgograd Europe/Warsaw Poland Europe/Zagreb Europe/Zaporozhye Europe/Zurich Indian/Antananarivo Indian/Chagos Indian/Christmas Indian/Cocos Indian/Comoro Indian/Kerguelen Indian/Mahe Indian/Maldives Indian/Mauritius Indian/Mayotte Indian/Reunion Pacific/Apia Pacific/Auckland NZ Pacific/Chatham NZ-CHAT Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Truk Pacific/Easter Chile/EasterIsland Pacific/Efate Pacific/Enderbury Pacific/Fakaofo Pacific/Fiji Pacific/Funafuti Pacific/Galapagos Pacific/Gambier Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Guam Pacific/Honolulu US/Hawaii Pacific/Johnston Pacific/Kiritimati Pacific/Kosrae Pacific/Kwajalein Kwajalein Pacific/Majuro Pacific/Marquesas Pacific/Midway Pacific/Nauru Pacific/Niue Pacific/Norfolk Pacific/Noumea Pacific/Pago_Pago US/Samoa Pacific/Palau Pacific/Pitcairn Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Rarotonga Pacific/Saipan Pacific/Samoa Pacific/Tahiti Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Tongatapu Pacific/Wake Pacific/Wallis Pacific/Yap ----

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Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 return to winter time
by Alexander Krivenyshev July 25, 2014

July 25, 2014

According to the news (Russian ITAR-TASS News Agency) Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 return to winter time and to use 11 time zones in Russia. (in Russian) http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711 The official internet-portal of legal information Russian state system of legal information (in Russian) http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660 # print Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On the calculation of time. " (in Russian) http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279 >From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this: http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html Alexander Krivenyshev http://www.WorldTimeZone.com

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Proposal to rename time.tab to region.tab
by Tobias Conradi July 23, 2014

July 23, 2014

Proposal to rename time.tab which was announced 2014-07-18 http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-July/021213.html to region.tab with reasoning as in Proposal to rename zone.tab to region.tab http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-July/021227.html But since time.tab is not yet publish with the additional benefit that there would be no file renaming for an end user. Reason: - it is a list of geographical regions - it is not a list of time ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/code/Theory says ----- Scope of the tz database ----- ... To represent this data, the world is partitioned into regions .... For each such region, the database records all known clock transitions, and labels the region ...... Uniquely identify every national region .... Indicate to humans as to where that region is. .... is the name of a specific location within that region. ..... Uninhabited regions like ..... If all the clocks in a region have agreed since 1970, .... even if subregions' clocks disagreed before 1970. ...... Use cities or small islands, not countries or regions, [! other meaning] ..... The file `zone.tab' lists the geographical locations used to name time zone rule files. It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for geographic regions as described above. -- Tobias Conradi Rheinsberger Str. 18 10115 Berlin Germany http://tobiasconradi.com

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tzselect.ksh fails under ksh, works under bash
by Alan Barrett July 23, 2014

July 23, 2014

If BASH_VERSION is not set, then tzselect.ksh performs a test in which it attmepts to use the select command, to see whether the select command is available: 84: (eval 'set --; select x; do break; done; exit') 2>/dev/null In the case that the shell is not bash, but the select command is available, then the select command reads a line of input. This is confusing for users, who don't even see a prompt. The attached patch fixes this by redirecting input from /dev/null. I also quoted some variables on general principles. --apb (Alan Barrett)

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