* tz-link.html: Remove links to projects that seem to be dead: MINIX, tziCal, tzdist-bis, Australian Parliamentary Library pub. Remove ftp: links as modern browsers don’t support them; instead, just mention FTP (and rsync, while we’re at it). Go seems to have fixed its 32-bit time_t bug. Cite British Sleep Society position paper on DST, and move the medical citations to a new list. Update citation to Judah Levine’s proposal to use 13-second leap smears every decade, as a substitute for leap seconds. --- tz-link.html | 115 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) diff --git a/tz-link.html b/tz-link.html index 76566224..669a3cb8 100644 --- a/tz-link.html +++ b/tz-link.html @@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>, <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">ChromiumOS</a>, <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>, <a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>, -<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>, <a href="https://musl.libc.org">musl libc</a>, <a href="https://www.mysql.com">MySQL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr @@ -175,12 +174,15 @@ ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above; older releases use a nearly compatible format. Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named “<code>version</code>” whose first (and currently only) line is the version. -Older releases are <a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">archived</a>, -and are also available in an -<a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/"><abbr -title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr> directory</a> via a -less secure protocol.</p> -<p>Alternatively, a development repository of code and data can be +<a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">Older archived releases are +available</a> via +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS"><abbr +title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure">HTTPS</abbr></a>, +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync"><abbr +title="remote sync">rsync</abbr></a>, and +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP"><abbr +title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr></a>. +<p>Alternatively, a development repository of code and data can bem retrieved from <a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a> via the shell command:</p> <pre><code><a href="https://git-scm.com">git</a> clone <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">https://github.com/eggert/tz</a> @@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ After obtaining the code and data files, see the The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files are in a special format specified by -<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/9636">The +<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9636">The Time Zone Information Format (<abbr>TZif</abbr>)</a> (Internet <abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 9636). The code also lets @@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ with lines terminated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline"><abbr title="linefeed">LF</abbr></a>, which can be modified by common text editors such as <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>, -<a href="https://gedit-technology.github.io/apps/gedit/">gedit</a>, and +<a href="https://gedit-text-editor.org">gedit</a>, and <a href="https://www.vim.org">vim</a>. Specialized source-file editing can be done via the <a href="https://packagecontrol.io/packages/zoneinfo">Sublime @@ -377,21 +379,16 @@ calculates the current time difference between locations.</li> <section> <h2 id="protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2> <ul> -<li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>’s -<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/">Time Zone Data -Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a -href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7808">TZDIST</a> -(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808), a time zone data distribution service, -along with <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7809">CalDAV</a> +<li><a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7808">Time Zone +Data Distribution Service</a> (TZDIST, Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808) +is associated with +<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7809">CalDAV</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for transferring time zone data by reference. <a href="https://devguide.calconnect.org/Time-Zones/TZDS/">TZDIST -implementations</a> are available. -The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tzdist-bis">tzdist-bis -mailing list</a> discusses possible extensions.</li> -<li>The <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5545"> -Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification -(iCalendar)</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445) +implementations</a> are available.</li> +<li>The <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5545">iCalendar format</a> +(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445) covers time zone data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component. The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a @@ -423,10 +420,6 @@ available under the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr> General Public License (<abbr title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li> -<li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/tzical/">tziCal – tz -database conversion utility</a> is like Vzic, except for the <a -href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com">.NET framework</a> -and with a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li> <li><a href="https://metacpan.org/release/DateTime-TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a> contains a script <code>parse_olson</code> that compiles @@ -616,6 +609,9 @@ the Apache License.</li> library that translates between <abbr>UT</abbr> and civil time and can read <abbr>TZif</abbr> files. It is freely available under the Apache License.</li> +<li>The <a href="https://golang.org">Go programming language</a> +has a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader <a +href="https://pkg.go.dev/time#LoadLocationFromTZData"><code>LoadLocationFromTZData</code></a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://github.com/nayarsystems/posix_tz_db"><code>posix_tz_db</code> package</a> contains Python code @@ -678,10 +674,6 @@ href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/">Thunderbird</a>. It displays multiple clocks in the application window, and has a mapping interface to <a href="https://www.google.com/earth/">Google Earth</a>. It is freely available under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li> -<li><a href="https://golang.org">Go programming language</a> -implementations contain a copy of a 32-bit subset of a recent -<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a -Go-specific format.</li> <li>Microsoft Windows 8.1 and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr> data (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>) used by the @@ -836,7 +828,8 @@ Saving Time – History, rationale, laws & dates</a> and summarized in History of Daylight Saving Time</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/time-lords">Time Lords</a> discusses how authoritarians manipulate civil time.</li> -<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time Zones</a> +<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time +and Time Zones</a> contains guidelines and best practices for software applications that deal with civil time.</li> <li><a href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm">A History of @@ -851,10 +844,7 @@ Zone Concepts</a> discusses terminological issues behind time zones.</li> <h2 id="national">National histories of legal time</h2> <dl> <dt>Australia</dt> -<dd>The Parliamentary Library commissioned a <a -href="https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/359V6/upload_binary/359v60.pdf">research -paper on daylight saving time in Australia</a>. -The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a +<dd>The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">Implementation Dates of Daylight Savings Time within Australia</a>.</dd> <dt>Belgium</dt> @@ -915,8 +905,8 @@ covers the history of local time in the Netherlands from ancient times.</dd> href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of Daylight Saving</a>.</dd> <dt>Palestine</dt> -<dd>The Ministry of Telecom and IT publishes a <a -href="https://mtit.pna.ps/home/TimeZone" +<dd>The Ministry of Telecom and Digital Economy publishes a <a +href="https://mtde.gov.ps/home/TimeZone" hreflang="ar">history of clock changes (in Arabic)</a>.</dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd>The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory publishes a @@ -957,9 +947,6 @@ zone shifts, and many scientific studies have been conducted. This section summarizes reviews and position statements based on scientific literature in the area.</p> <ul> -<li>In 2022 the American Medical Association issued a -<a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-calls-permanent-standard-time">statement -supporting permanent standard time</a> on health grounds.</li> <li>Carey RN, Sarma KM. <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/6/e014319.long">Impact of daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic @@ -969,22 +956,12 @@ This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from shifts in time zones.</li> <li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D. -<a href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/ejarticle.aspx?id=3051">Does -daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis</a>. +Does daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis. <em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):35–61. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>. This analyzes research literature and concludes, “Electricity savings are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while subtropical regions consume more electricity because of <abbr>DST</abbr>.”</li> -<li>Malow BA. <a -href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/45/12/zsac236/6717940">It is time -to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent -standard time in the United States: -a Sleep Research Society position statement</a>. -<em>Sleep.</em> 2022;45(12):zsac236. -doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac236">10.1093/sleep/zsac236</a>. -After reviewing the scientific literature, the Sleep Research Society -advocates permanent standard time due to its health benefits. <li>Neumann P, von Blanckenburg K. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0961463X241310562">What time will it be? A comprehensive literature review on daylight saving time</a>. @@ -993,6 +970,30 @@ doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X241310562">10.1177/0961463X24131056 This reviews DST’s effects on electricity, health, crime, road safety, and the economy, focusing on research since 2010, and concludes that year-round standard time is preferable overall. +</ul> + +<p>The following medical societies have taken positions on the +advisability of clock shifts:</p> + +<ul> +<li>In 2022 the American Medical Association issued a +<a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-calls-permanent-standard-time">statement +supporting permanent standard time</a> on health grounds.</li> +<li>Crawford MR, Winnebeck EC, von Schantz M <em>et al</em>. +<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.14352">The +British Sleep Society position statement on Daylight Saving Time in the UK</a>. +<em>J Sleep Res.</em> 2025;34(3):e14352. +doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14352">10.1111/jsr.14352</a>. +This recommends that the UK abolish DST for health reasons.</li> +<li>Malow BA. <a +href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/45/12/zsac236/6717940">It is time +to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent +standard time in the United States: +a Sleep Research Society position statement</a>. +<em>Sleep.</em> 2022;45(12):zsac236. +doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac236">10.1093/sleep/zsac236</a>. +After reviewing the scientific literature, the Sleep Research Society +advocates permanent standard time due to its health benefits.</li> <li>Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR <em>et al</em>. <a href="https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/10.5664/jcsm.10898">Permanent standard time is the optimal choice for health and safety: @@ -1144,12 +1145,16 @@ to discontinue the use of leap seconds by 2035, and requested that no discontinuous adjustments be made to UTC for at least a century. The World Radiocommunication Conference <a href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.15-2023-PDF-E.pdf">resolved -in 2023</a> to cooperate with this process. -<a href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202406.0043/v1">A proposal -to change the leap-second adjustments to Coordinated Universal Time</a> -(doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266">10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266</a>) -would replace leap seconds with 13-second leap smears occurring once per +in 2023</a> to cooperate with this process. One proposal to implement this +would replace leap seconds with seven 13-second leap smears occurring once per decade until 2100, with leap smears after that gradually increasing in size. +See: +<ul> +<li>Levine J. <a href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202406.0043/v1">A +proposal to change the leap-second adjustments to +coordinated universal time</a>. <em>Metrologia.</em> 2024;61(5):055002. doi:<a +href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266">10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266</a>.</li> +</ul> However, there is still no consensus on whether this is the best way to replace leap seconds. </li> -- 2.48.1