From 5b92f3cd1c04d3f1a8e0c2ca0d12991bec7ce49b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Paul Eggert Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 09:58:47 -0700 Subject: [PROPOSED 4/8] Prefer UTF-8 in *.html files MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Prefer UTF-8 to most entities in *.html files. The exceptions are the required & < > along with   (as literal ‘ ’ can be confused with ‘_’ in some editors) and ≤ when next to angle brackets (e.g., ‘0≤hh≤24’ can be clearer than ‘0≤hh≤;24’). * Makefile (UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET): Also allow →−★⯪. * theory.html, tz-art.html, tz-how-to.html, tz-link.html: Prefer UTF-8. --- Makefile | 2 +- theory.html | 42 +++++++++++++-------------- tz-art.html | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- tz-how-to.html | 46 ++++++++++++++--------------- tz-link.html | 52 ++++++++++++++++----------------- 5 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-) diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile index b716f0f2..6767ba39 100644 --- a/Makefile +++ b/Makefile @@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ SAFE_CHAR= '[]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]' # These non-alphabetic, non-ASCII printable characters are # used in commentary or in generated *.txt files # and are not likely to cause confusion. -UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET= §«°±»½¾×–‘’“”•≤ +UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET= §«°±»½¾×–‘’“”•→−≤★⯪ # Put this in a bracket expression to match spaces. s = [:space:] diff --git a/theory.html b/theory.html index 8d1b075f..cdc6093a 100644 --- a/theory.html +++ b/theory.html @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ among the following goals: Be robust in the presence of political changes. For example, names are typically not tied to countries, to avoid incompatibilities when countries change their name (e.g., - Swaziland→Eswatini) or when locations change countries (e.g., Hong + Swaziland→Eswatini) or when locations change countries (e.g., Hong Kong from UK colony to China). There is no requirement that every country or national capital must have a timezone name. @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ Although a zone1970.tab location’s longitude corresponds to its local mean -time (LMT) offset with one hour for every 15° +time (LMT) offset with one hour for every 15° east longitude, this relationship is not exact. The backward-compatibility file zone.tab is similar but conforms to the older-version guidelines related to ISO 3166-1; @@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ in decreasing order of importance: NST/NDT/NWT/NPT/NDDT Newfoundland, NST/NDT/NWT/NPT Nome, NZMT/NZST New Zealand through 1945, - NZST/NZDT New Zealand 1946–present, + NZST/NZDT New Zealand 1946–present, PKT/PKST Pakistan, PST/PDT/PWT/PPT Pacific, PST/PDT Philippine, @@ -546,13 +546,13 @@ in decreasing order of importance: A few abbreviations also follow the pattern that GMT/BST established for time in the UK. They are: - BMT/BST for Bermuda 1890–1930, + BMT/BST for Bermuda 1890–1930, CMT/BST for Calamarca Mean Time and Bolivian Summer Time - 1890–1932, + 1890–1932, DMT/IST for Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time and Irish Summer Time - 1880–1916, - MMT/MST/MDST for Moscow 1880–1919, and - RMT/LST for Riga Mean Time and Latvian Summer time 1880–1926. + 1880–1916, + MMT/MST/MDST for Moscow 1880–1919, and + RMT/LST for Riga Mean Time and Latvian Summer time 1880–1926.

@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ Errors in the tz database arise from many sources: In her 2015 book The - Global Transformation of Time, 1870–1950, + Global Transformation of Time, 1870–1950, Vanessa Ogle writes “Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time zones at all, often not even a stable landscape of mean times, @@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes than what the tz code can handle. For example, from 1880 to 1916 clocks in Ireland observed Dublin Mean Time (estimated to be UT - −00:25:21.1); although the tz + −00:25:21.1); although the tz source data can represent the .1 second, TZif files and the code cannot. In practice these old specifications were rarely if ever implemented to subsecond precision. @@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes The relationship between POSIX time (that is, UTC but ignoring leap seconds) and UTC is not agreed upon. - This affects time stamps during the leap second era (1972–2035). + This affects time stamps during the leap second era (1972–2035). Although the POSIX clock officially stops during an inserted leap second, at least one proposed standard has it jumping back a second instead; and in @@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ with problems that were fixed in later POSIX editions.
offset
is of the form - [±]hh:[mm[:ss]] + [±]hh:[mm[:ss]] and specifies the offset west of UT. hh may be a single digit; 0≤hh≤24. @@ -1049,11 +1049,11 @@ POSIX.1-2024 extends POSIX.1-2017 in the following significant ways: Earlier POSIX editions lack this requirement.
  • - DST transition times can range from −167:59:59 + DST transition times can range from −167:59:59 to 167:59:59 instead of merely from 00:00:00 to 24:59:59. This allows for proleptic TZ strings like "<-02>2<-01>,M3.5.0/-1,M10.5.0/0" - where the transition time −1:00 means 23:00 the previous day. + where the transition time −1:00 means 23:00 the previous day.

    • @@ -1068,12 +1068,12 @@ However POSIX.1-2024, like earlier POSIX editions, has some limitations: In POSIX, there is no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the system’s best idea of local (wall clock) time. This is important for applications that an administrator wants - used only at certain times – without regard to whether the + used only at certain times – without regard to whether the user has fiddled the TZ environment variable. While an administrator can “do everything in UT” to get around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes - handling daylight saving time shifts – as might be required to + handling daylight saving time shifts – as might be required to limit phone calls to off-peak hours.

  • @@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@ The vestigial APIs are: The functions that are conditionally compiled if STD_INSPIRED is nonzero should, at this point, be looked on primarily as food for thought. - They are not in any sense “standard compatible” – some are + They are not in any sense “standard compatible” – some are not, in fact, specified in any standard. They do, however, represent responses of various authors to standardization proposals. @@ -1391,8 +1391,8 @@ counts of seconds since the POSIX epoch normally include leap seconds, as opposed to POSIX time_t counts which exclude leap seconds. This modified timescale is converted to UTC at the same point that time zone and DST -adjustments are applied – -namely, at calls to localtime and analogous functions – +adjustments are applied – +namely, at calls to localtime and analogous functions – and the process is driven by leap second information stored in alternate versions of the TZif files. Because a leap second adjustment may be needed even @@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ Some of their family members also adapted to Mars time. Dozens of special Mars watches were built for JPL workers who kept Mars time during the Mars -Exploration Rovers (MER) mission (2004–2018). +Exploration Rovers (MER) mission (2004–2018). These timepieces looked like normal Seikos and Citizens but were adjusted to use Mars seconds rather than terrestrial seconds, although unfortunately the adjusted watches were unreliable and appear to have @@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@ Sources for time on other planets: Jia-Rui Chong, “Workdays Fit for a Martian”, Los Angeles Times - (2004-01-14), pp A1, A20–A21. + (2004-01-14), pp A1, A20–A21.
  • Tom Chmielewski, diff --git a/tz-art.html b/tz-art.html index 7771c467..202edf88 100644 --- a/tz-art.html +++ b/tz-art.html @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ time’s theory, history, pros and cons. Among other things, it explains Arizona’s daylight-saving enclaves quite well.
  • “The Problem -with Time & Timezones – Computerphile” (2013; 10:12) delves +with Time & Timezones – Computerphile” (2013; 10:12) delves into problems that programmers have with timekeeping.
  • “All The Time @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ briefly says why France has more time zones than Russia.
  • “Why Denmark used to be .04 seconds behind the world” (2019; 6:29) explains why the United Kingdom -— and, once, Denmark — haven’t always exactly followed their own +– and, once, Denmark – haven’t always exactly followed their own laws about civil time.
  • “About Time” (1962; 59 minutes) is part of the @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ is extended by 10 seconds, it will create a one-time opportunity for a gigantic computerized theft. To achieve this, at one location the crooks interfere with the microwave system supplying time signals to the computer, advancing the time by 0.1 second each minute over the -last hour of 1999. (So this movie teaches us that 0.1 × 60 = 10.) +last hour of 1999. (So this movie teaches us that 0.1 × 60 = 10.) (IMDb entry.) (Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
    • @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Kramer decides that daylight saving time isn’t coming fast enough, so he sets his watch ahead an hour.
  • -“20 Hours in America”, The West Wing, season 4, episodes 1–2, +“20 Hours in America”, The West Wing, season 4, episodes 1–2, 2002-09-25, contained a scene that saw White House staffers stranded in Indiana; they thought they had time to @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ savings days. Lousy farmers.”
  • Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 2, episode 5, 2015-03-08, asked, “Daylight -Saving Time – How Is This Still A Thing?” +Saving Time – How Is This Still A Thing?”
  • “Tracks”, The Good Wife, season 7, episode 12, @@ -248,9 +248,9 @@ Gerald Spaits, bass; Todd Strait, drums. CD notes “additional lyric by Karrin Allyson; arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson”. -ADO ★, +ADO ★, AMG -★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪. +★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪.
  • Kevin Mahogany, Double Rainbow (1993), track 3, 6:27. Enja ENJ-7097 2. @@ -259,18 +259,18 @@ Kenny Barron, piano; Ray Drummond, bass; Ralph Moore, tenor saxophone; Lewis Nash, drums. -ADO ★⯪, +ADO ★⯪, AMG -★★★, Penguin ★★★. +★★★, Penguin ★★★.
  • Joe Williams, Here’s to Life (1994), track 7, 3:58. Telarc Jazz CD-83357. Joe Williams, vocal; The Robert Farnon [39 piece] Orchestra. Also in a 3-CD package “Triple Play”, Telarc CD-83461. -ADO •, +ADO •, AMG -★★, Penguin ★★★. +★★, Penguin ★★★.
  • Charles Fambrough, Keeper of the Spirit (1995), track 7, 7:07. @@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ Joel Levine, tenor recorder; Edward Simon, piano; Lenny White, drums; Marion Simon, percussion. -ADO ★, +ADO ★, AMG -unrated, Penguin ★★★. +unrated, Penguin ★★★.
  • @@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ Aaron Davis, piano; David Piltch, string bass. Lyrical reference to “Eastern Standard Time” in Tom Waits’s “Purple Avenue”. -ADO ★★⯪, +ADO ★★⯪, AMG -★★★, Penguin unrated. +★★★, Penguin unrated.
  • Milt Hinton, @@ -320,9 +320,9 @@ Tunes include “Old Man Time”, “Time After Time”, “Four or Five Times”, “Now’s the Time”, “Time on My Hands”, “This Time It’s Us”, and “Good Time Charlie”. -ADO ★★★, +ADO ★★★, AMG -★★★★⯪, Penguin ★★★. +★★★★⯪, Penguin ★★★.
  • Alan Broadbent, Pacific Standard Time (1995). @@ -331,9 +331,9 @@ Alan Broadbent, piano; Putter Smith, Bass; Frank Gibson, Jr., drums. The CD cover features an analemma for equation-of-time fans. -ADO ★, +ADO ★, AMG -★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪. +★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪.
  • Anthony Braxton/Richard Teitelbaum, Silence/Time Zones (1996). @@ -343,23 +343,23 @@ contrebasse clarinet, miscellaneous instruments; Leo Smith, trumpet and miscellaneous instruments; Leroy Jenkins, violin and miscellaneous instruments; Richard Teitelbaum, modular moog and micromoog synthesizer. -ADO •, +ADO •, AMG -★★★★. +★★★★.
  • Charles Gayle, Time Zones (2006). Tompkins Square TSQ2839, 49:06. Charles Gayle, piano. -ADO ★, +ADO ★, AMG -★★★★⯪. +★★★★⯪.
  • The Get Up Kids, Eudora (2001). Vagrant 357, 65:12. Includes the song “Central Standard Time”. Thanks to Colin Bowern for this information. AMG -★★⯪. +★★⯪.
  • Coldplay, “Clocks” (2003). @@ -371,10 +371,10 @@ The song’s first line is “Lights go out and I can’t be saved”.
  • Jaime Guevara, “Qué +href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfN4Fe_A50U">Qué hora es” (1993), 3:04. The song protested “Sixto Hour” in Ecuador -(1992–3). Its lyrics include “Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los +(1992–3). Its lyrics include “Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los guaguas iban a clase sin sol” (“It was dawning in the middle of the night, the buses went to class without sun”).
    • @@ -392,39 +392,39 @@ Supernaw. The Microscopic Septet, Lobster Leaps In (2008). Cuneiform 272, 73:05. Includes the song “Twilight Time Zone”. -ADO ★★, +ADO ★★, AMG -★★★⯪. +★★★⯪.
  • Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin’ (1964). Columbia CK-8905, 45:36. -ADO ★⯪, +ADO ★⯪, AMG -★★★★⯪. +★★★★⯪. The title song is also available on “Bob Dylan’s Greatest Hits” and “The Essential Bob Dylan”.
  • Luciana Souza, Tide (2009). Universal Jazz France B0012688-02, 42:31. -ADO ★★⯪, +ADO ★★⯪, AMG -★★★⯪. +★★★⯪. Includes the song “Fire and Wood” with the lyric “The clocks were turned back you remember/Think it’s still November.”
  • Ken Nordine, You’re Getting Better: The Word Jazz Dot Masters (2005). Geffen B0005171-02, 156:22. -ADO ★, +ADO ★, AMG -★★★★⯪. +★★★★⯪. Includes the piece “What Time Is It” (“He knew what time it was everywhere...that counted”).
  • Chicago, Chicago Transit Authority (1969). Columbia 64409, 1:16:20. -AMG ★★★★. +AMG ★★★★. Includes the song “Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?”.
  • @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ every street, to wake the sluggards effectually, and make them open their eyes to see their true interest. All the difficulty will be in the first two or three days: after which the reformation will be as natural and easy as the present irregularity; for, ce n’est que le -premier pas qui coûte.” +premier pas qui coûte.” Franklin’s joke was first published on 1784-04-26 by the Journal de Paris as
  • BRADY. ...[Bishop Usher] determined that the Lord began the Creation -on the 23rd of October in the Year 4,004 B.C. at – uh, 9 A.M.! +on the 23rd of October in the Year 4,004 B.C. at – uh, 9 A.M.!
    DRUMMOND. That Eastern Standard Time? (Laughter.) Or Rocky Mountain Time? (More laughter.) It wasn’t daylight-saving time, was it? Because @@ -536,8 +536,8 @@ May, 1999 episode of the syndicated television series Baywatch)
  • “A fundamental belief held by Americans is that if you are on land, you cannot be killed by a fish...So most Americans remain on land, believing -they’re safe. Unfortunately, this belief – like so many myths, such as that -there’s a reason for ‘Daylight Saving Time’ – is false.” +they’re safe. Unfortunately, this belief – like so many myths, such as that +there’s a reason for ‘Daylight Saving Time’ – is false.” (Dave Barry column, 2000-07-02)
  • diff --git a/tz-how-to.html b/tz-how-to.html index cde0a244..ccfdc9eb 100644 --- a/tz-how-to.html +++ b/tz-how-to.html @@ -365,14 +365,14 @@ Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:24 Time - −5:50:36 + −5:50:36 not observed LMT 1883-11-18 12:09:24 - −6:00:00 + −6:00:00 US rules CST or CDT 1920-01-01 @@ -384,13 +384,13 @@ Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:24 02:00:00 - −5:00:00 + −5:00:00 not observed EST 1936-11-15 - −6:00:00 + −6:00:00 Chicago rules CST or CDT 1942-01-01 @@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:24 US rules - — + – @@ -490,8 +490,8 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu ... 1933 Apr 30 2:00

    Hawaii tried daylight saving time for three weeks in 1933 and decided they didn’t like it. 8-) Note that the STDOFF column always contains the standard time -offset, so the local (wall clock) time during this period was GMT − -10:30 + 1:00 = GMT − 9:30.

    +offset, so the local (wall clock) time during this period was GMT − +10:30 + 1:00 = GMT − 9:30.

    The FORMAT column specifies the usual abbreviation of the time zone name. It should have one of four forms:

    @@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ example, the last line in Zone Pacific/Honolulu (shown below) gives “HST” for “Hawaii standard time” even though the     legal -name for that time zone is “Hawaii–Aleutian standard time”. +name for that time zone is “Hawaii–Aleutian standard time”. This author has read that there are also some places in Australia where popular time zone names differ from the legal ones. @@ -626,15 +626,15 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 - LMT 1896 Jan 13 12:00 Time - −10:31:26 - — + −10:31:26 + – LMT local mean time 1896-01-13 12:00 - −10:30 + −10:30 +0:01:26 HST Hawaii standard time @@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 - LMT 1896 Jan 13 12:00 02:00 - −9:30 + −9:30 +1:00 HDT Hawaii daylight time @@ -650,15 +650,15 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 - LMT 1896 Jan 13 12:00 12:00 - −10:30¹ - −1:00¹ + −10:30¹ + −1:00¹ HST¹ Hawaii standard time 1942-02-09 02:00 - −9:30 + −9:30 +1:00 HWT Hawaii war time @@ -673,34 +673,34 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 - LMT 1896 Jan 13 12:00 02:00 - −10:30 - −1:00 + −10:30 + −1:00 HST Hawaii standard time 1947-06-08 - −10:00³ + −10:00³ +0:30³ - — + – - ¹Switching to US rules…most recent transition (in 1919) was to standard time + ¹Switching to US rules...most recent transition (in 1919) was to standard time ²23:00 UT - + (−9:30) = 13:30 local + + (−9:30) = 13:30 local - ³Since 1947–06–08T12:30Z, + ³Since 1947-06-08T12:30Z, the civil time in Hawaii has been UT/UTC - − 10:00 year-round. + −10:00 year-round. diff --git a/tz-link.html b/tz-link.html index 52f22ce8..76566224 100644 --- a/tz-link.html +++ b/tz-link.html @@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ lets you see the TZ values directly.
  • Current Time in 1000 Places uses descriptions of the values.
    • -
  • The World Clock – +
  • The World Clock – Worldwide lets you sort zone names and convert times.
  • 24TimeZones has a world time map and a time converter.
    • @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). -
  • tziCal – tz +
  • tziCal – tz database conversion utility is like Vzic, except for the .NET framework and with a BSD-style license.
    • @@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.ht SE 8 Date and Time API can be supplemented by ThreeTen-Extra, which is freely available under a BSD-style license. -
  • Joda-Time – Java date +
  • Joda-Time – Java date and time API contains a class org.joda.time.tz.ZoneInfoCompiler that compiles tz source into a binary format. It inspired @@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ License">LGPL).
  • ICU (mentioned above) contains compilers and Java-based libraries.
    • -
  • Noda Time – Date and +
  • Noda Time – Date and time API for .NET is like Joda-Time and Time4J, but for the .NET framework instead of Java. It is freely available under the Apache License.
    • @@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ problematic Date objects when working with dates and times. compiler from tz source into Julia. It is freely available under the MIT license. -
  • TZDB – +
  • TZDB – IANA Time Zone Database for Delphi/FPC compiles from tz source into @@ -564,14 +564,14 @@ as compiled by Delphi and FPC. It is freely available under a BSD-style license.
    • -
  • pytz – World Timezone +
  • pytz – World Timezone Definitions for Python compiles tz source into Python. It is freely available under a BSD-style license. In code that can assume Python 3.6 or later it is largely superseded; see pytz: The Fastest Footgun in the West.
    • -
  • TZInfo – +
  • TZInfo – Ruby Timezone Library compiles tz source into Ruby. @@ -696,8 +696,8 @@ the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later, which stores time zone data in the Windows Registry. The Zone → -Tzid table or Zone +→ Tzid table or XML file of the CLDR data maps proprietary zone IDs to tz names. @@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ Agency (CIA), contains a time zone map; the Perry–Castañeda +href="https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection of the University of Texas at Austin has copies of recent editions. @@ -807,16 +807,16 @@ coordinates?” discusses other geolocation possibilities.
    • Divisions of Countries (“Statoids”) lists political subdivision data related to time zones.
  • Manifold Software -– GIS and Database Tools includes a Manifold-format map of +– GIS and Database Tools includes a Manifold-format map of world time zone boundaries circa 2007, distributed under the GPL.
  • A ship within the territorial waters of any nation uses that nation’s time. In international -waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15° apart, except that -UT−12 and UT+12 are each 7.5° +waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15° apart, except that +UT−12 and UT+12 are each 7.5° wide and are separated by -the 180° meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is +the 180° meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ship’s clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are common.
    • @@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ Walk through Time surveys the evolution of timekeeping.
  • The history of daylight saving time is surveyed in About Daylight -Saving Time – History, rationale, laws & dates and summarized in +Saving Time – History, rationale, laws & dates and summarized in A Brief History of Daylight Saving Time.
  • Time @@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ shifts in time zones.
  • Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D. Does daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis. -Energy J. 2018;39(2):35–61. +Energy J. 2018;39(2):35–61. doi:10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav. This analyzes research literature and concludes, “Electricity savings are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while @@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ year-round standard time is preferable overall. Permanent standard time is the optimal choice for health and safety: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. -J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(1):121–125. +J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(1):121–125. doi:10.5664/jcsm.10898. The AASM argues for permanent standard time due to health and safety risks and economic costs of both DST transitions and @@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ permanent DST.
  • Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ et al. Why should we abolish Daylight Saving Time? -J Biol Rhythms. 2019;34(3):227–230. +J Biol Rhythms. 2019;34(3):227–230. doi:10.1177/0748730419854197. The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms opposes DST changes and permanent DST, @@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ code for converting among time scales like SOFA license.
  • Mars24 Sunclock -– Time on Mars describes Airy Mean Time (AMT) and the +– Time on Mars describes Airy Mean Time (AMT) and the diverse local time scales used by each landed mission on Mars.
  • LeapSecond.com is @@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ in general. It covers the state of the art in amateur timekeeping, and how the art has progressed over the past few decades.
  • The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of Standard-frequency -and time-signal emissions, International Telecommunication Union – +and time-signal emissions, International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002).
  • NTP implementations, supports conversion between UTC and smeared POSIX timestamps, and is used by major cloud service providers. However, according to -§3.7.1 of +§3.7.1 of Network Time Protocol Best Current Practices (Internet RFC 8633), leap smearing is not suitable for applications requiring accurate UTC or civil time, @@ -1174,13 +1174,13 @@ the international standard date and time notation covers ISO -8601-1:2019 – Date and time – Representations for information -interchange – Part 1: Basic rules.
    • +8601-1:2019 – Date and time – Representations for information +interchange – Part 1: Basic rules.
  • XML -Schema: Datatypes – dateTime specifies a format inspired by +Schema: Datatypes – dateTime specifies a format inspired by ISO 8601 that is in common use in XML data.
    • -
  • §3.3 of +
  • §3.3 of Internet Message Format (Internet RFC 5322) specifies the time notation used in email and HTTP @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ unfortunately some of these abbreviations were merely the database maintainers inventions, and these have been removed when possible.
  • Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of UT, e.g., +09 for Japan and -−10 for Hawaii. However, POSIX proleptic +−10 for Hawaii. However, POSIX proleptic TZ settings use the opposite convention. For example, one might use TZ="JST-9" and -- 2.48.1